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DEVELOPED, DEVELOPING AND UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES

by Francisco Noblía & Diógenes Palmieri

Subject: Elements of Micro and Macro Economics

Teacher: Julia Bardengo

Definition of development

Development can be measured by economic or human factors. A developed country is one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment. On the other hand, a developing country has not achieved a significant degree of industrialization and has a medium to low standard of living.

Development is measured with statistical indexes like income per capita, gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy and rate of literacy.

Criticism

The term developing country is often criticised as it could imply inferiority compared with a developed country, assuming a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development that some countries do not follow. This is why international organizations have started to use the term less economically developed country for the poorest nations, highlighting that the standard of living around the globe varies in great manner.

Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be considered developed are still subjects of debate.

Developed countries

North America

They have the most advanced post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth than the industrial sector. In this way, they also have high GDP per capita. They comprise 60.8% of global GDP according to the IMF; Australia, Canada and France being the three largest advanced economies. Moreover, they have a very high rating of Human Development Index, which combines national income, life expectancy, education and other measures.

Human Development Index categories

Europe

World Bank high-income economies

Oceania

Developing countries

LATAM

A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. Developing countries tend to have some characteristics in common. For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution

Common challenges

  • High levels of poverty.
  • Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy; for example low literacy levels).
  • Economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services).
  • Undernutrition is more common in developing countries. Certain groups have higher rates of undernutrition, including women (in particular while pregnant or breastfeeding), children under five years of age, and the elderly.
  • Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is at very low levels in many developing countries. In 2015 the WHO (World Health Organization) estimated that "1 in 3 people, or 2.4 billion, are still without sanitation facilities" while 663 million people still lack access to safe and clean drinking water.

Urban slums

According to UN-Habitat, around 33% of the urban population in the developing world in 2012, or about 863 million people, lived in slums.

Urban slums

"Villas Miseria & Favelas"

"Villas Miseria & Favelas"

Newly industrialized countries

Asia

Underdeveloped countries

Africa

The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria: Poverty, Human resource weakness and Economic vulnerability.

Underdeveloped countries criteria are reviewed every three years by the Committee for Development Policy (CDP) of the UN Economic and Social Council. Countries may "graduate" out of the LDC classification when indicators exceed these criteria in two consecutive triennial reviews.

The UN three criteria to classify an underdeveloped country

The tree criteria

  • Poverty: adjustable criterion based on GNI per capita averaged over three years. As of 2018 a country must have GNI per capita less than US$1,025 to be included on the list, and over $1,230 to graduate from it.
  • Human resource weakness, based on indicators of nutrition, health, education.
  • Economic vulnerability, based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities.

Underdeveloped countries

Asia Pacific

Percentage of population suffering from hunger

In order to sum up this group work, here is an explanatory video about the topic "Developed, developing and underdeveloped countries":

Bibliography

  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country
  • https://www.investopedia.com/updates/top-developing-countries/
  • https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/developed-country
  • https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries
  • http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/underdeveloped-countries
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Developed_Countries
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World

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