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Lead - Element Research Project
42
Have You seen my lead?
Please contact Leah Nadon:
123-456-7890
social
works cited
Element Info
Symbol) Pb
Atomic number) 82
Atomic mass) 207.2
Periodic table information
Bohr - Rutherford Diagram
Protons) 82
Electrons) 82
Electron configuration) 2, 8, 18, 32, 18
Neutrons) 125
The number of neutrons can change based on the atomic mass:
- Lead-204 = 122 neutrons
(mass is 204)
- Lead-206 = 124 neutrons
(mass is 206)
- Lead-210 = 128 neutrons
(mass is 210)
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Group) 14
Period) 6
Class) Post-transition metal
Between transition metals and weakly nonmetal metalloids.
Properties
Properties
Physical properties
physical properties
- Colour) often bluish-white.
- Malleable.
- Ductile.
- Texture) soft, brittle.
- Solid at 68°F.
- Melting point) 621.43°F.
- Boiling point) 3180°F.
- Density) 11.34g/cm³.
- Crystalline texture) Covalent.
- Lustre) shiny.
chemical properties
chemical properties
- Corrosion resistance.
- Not flammable.
- Does NOT react with water.
- Reacts with air: turns dull gray, creates lead oxide.
- Reacts with fluorine: creates poisonous lead(II) fluoride.
- Reacts with chlorine: creates lead(II) chloride.
- Reacts with nitric acid: nitrogen oxides are formed with lead(II) nitrate.
Lead products
lead - acid wet cell battery
- A battery where the cathode, anode, and metal grid are some form of lead.
- Cathode = lead dioxide (PbO2).
- Anode = sponge lead (metallic lead).
- Metal grid = lead-antiomony alloy (Pb/Sb).
- Electrolyte = sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Why use lead?
- Lead is a great conductor.
- Lead has a very long life cycle.
- Lead can be recycled (97% of lead is recycled and reused to make new batteries).
lead radiation shielding
- A lead shield that protects people or objects from lead radiation.
- The lead absorbs the radiation.
- Types of radiation could include:
- X-rays
- Gamma rays
- Example: x-ray lead apron.
Why use lead?
- Lead has a very high density, so it reduces the radiation exposure.
lead radiation shielding
Curtain weights + Sailboat keels
- Curtain weights are often covered in plastic.
- SOME sailboat keels are made of lead, but some are made of iron.
Why use lead?
- Lead has a very large mass, making it perfect for weights.
Curtain weights + Sailboat keels
lead in the Vulcanization of rubber
- Vulcanization of rubber is the process of creating waterproof, weather-resistant rubber.
- Rubber is mixed with sulfur and lead oxide.
- Sulfur links form bridges between rubber chains.
- Example: rubber tires
Why use lead?
- For the same reason as lead radiation shielding: lead has a very high density, so it reduces the radiation exposure (specifically ultraviolet radiation from the sun)
- Lead resists heat.
lead in the Vulcanization of rubber
Lead crystal glass
- Clear, fancy glasses that include lead.
- Lead oxide is used instead of calcium oxide.
- Holds the other elements tighter together by covalent bonds.
- Does not contain any form of crystal.
- Causes problems if lead leaks.
Why use lead?
- Lead oxide is stronger in holding elements together, which results in the glasses having a more appealing look.
Examples
Drinking glasses, ornaments, decanters, jewelery, optical lenses, enamels, lacquers.
Lead flashing
- A sheet of metal that is shaped and applied around the angles of a roof/wall.
- This prevents water leaks.
Why use lead?
- Lead is a tough and ductile material.
Lead flashing
drinking water
drinking water
- Sometimes contains very low amount of lead.
- Lead may come from solder, service connections, pipes, or fixtures if plumbing was installed before 1990.
- Lead is more likely to be in hot water from the tap; not usually in cold water.
- Lead levels can increase over time if the water is not used.
Waterloo Region:
- Meets Ontario’s drinking water standard of 10 micrograms of lead per litre.
- Tests for lead in the distribution system each year.
- Recommends that people flush water for a few minutes!
banned lead products
Multiple Canadian Acts have been put in place to ban the production and usage of some lead products. The government has realized that some lead products are such a huge risk, they should not be used at all.
Though, there are still many other countries that use the lead products that are banned in Canada today.
banned lead products
leaded gasoline
leaded gasoline
- Mixture of chemical compounds that contain hydrocarbons.
- Hydrocarbons = Hydrogen + Carbons
Why use lead?
- Lead gasoline was easier to make, and was more efficient than other types of gasoline.
Why was it banned?
- The lead was so toxic to humans, and could easily come in contact with us.
- The lead clogged and destroyed catalytic converters.
When was it banned?
- Canada banned leaded gasoline in 1990.
- It was replaced with safer and more environmentally-friendly gasoline.
Leaded paint pigments
leaded Paint pigments
- Lead was included in paint pigments to contribute to its colour.
- Different forms of lead were used for different colours.
- Lead(II) chromate was used for a chrome yellow pigment.
- Can still be found in older homes under drywall.
Why use lead?
- Increases durability.
- Maintains fresh appearance.
- Resists moisture.
Why was it banned?
- This openly exposed lead could directly impact human health.
When was it banned?
- Canada banned leaded paint pigments in 1976.
environment
connection with the environment (and the issues)
Exposure routes for lead in the environment
- Lead in the atmosphere (usually from leaded gas, which is allowed in some countries).
- Leaded fertilizer effects soil.
ISSUES:
Effects of lead on soil
- Lead deposits in the ground are transferred to the upper layers of the soil surface.
- Organic matter in the soil’s upper layer retains the atmospheric lead.
Effects of lead on plants
- Plants on land absorb lead from soil.
- The lead moves throughout the plant.
- The lead coats the surface of leaves, reducing the amount of light reaching it.
Effects of lead on animals
- Lead affects the central nervous system of animals.
- Lead affects animals the same way as it affects humans.
Connection with the societal aspect
- Lead is mined because it has many benefits (resistant to corrosion, easy to work with, etc).
- Many governments have banned certain lead products throughout time, as people realized how dangerous it was.
- Contact with lead can majorly affects human health.
connections with the economical aspect (and issues)
- Lead is worth about $0.83 per pound in Canada.
- Many economies use lead in their products.
- Lead mining provides lots of jobs.
ISSUES:
- Many industry workers who work with lead (especially in factories) get lead poisoning.
- Mining has quite a few risks and negative effects on miners.
economic
connections with astronomy
connection with astronomy
S-process (s for slow) = heavier elements are produced when neutral neutrons are added to an atom’s nucleus.
This process happens before an old star expels its gas and burns out.
Low metallicity stars
- Some low metallicity stars have a high abundance of lead.
- Extremely rare in our solar system.
- The s-process is expected to occur more efficiently in these stars.
- And produces heavy, stable atoms. SUCH AS LEAD.
- Once a lead atom is produced, the s-process will only produce elements that decay back to lead.
- So more lead is made.
Lead in the European Space Industry
- Tin-lead solder alloys
- For electrical and electronic equipment.
- Indium-lead solder
- On thick gold coatings for long-life systems and pyrotechnic devices (less powerful explosives).
- Seals where high temperatures would affect materials.
Mining lead in canada
Mining Lead
Where is lead mined in Canada?
- British Columbia.
- New Brunswick.
- Nunavut.
How is lead mined?
1. Lead is extracted through mining.
2. Lead powder is put through "flotation." It is mixed with water and pine oil.
3. Air bubbles begin to form.
4. Oil froth is formed, containing lead ore on the surface.
How does lead cause human harm?
1. The human body absorbs lead.
2. The lead circulates in the body's bloodstream.
3. The lead enters vital organs. Such as the brain, liver, and kidneys.
- Any non-eliminated lead goes to the bones/teeth.
- Remains there for decades.
- Lead is a neurotoxin, meaning it poisons nerve tissues.
How does lead cause human harm?
symptoms of lead exposure
symptoms of lead exposure
- Nerve disorders
- High blood pressure
- Muscle/joint pain
- Anemia
- No appetite
- Nausea
- Vomit
- Headache
- Abdominal cramps
- Bad memory
- Concentration problems
- Digestion problems
- Reproductive problems
ALL symptoms are due to the metal bonding of sulfur in the cell's proteins. It twists proteins out of shape.
not-so-fun facts
not-so-fun facts
- In Elizabeth England (1558-1603), women applied ceruse - a whitening makeup.
- Ceruse is a mix of lead, carbonate, and vinegar.
- It caused major skin damage and sometimes, death.
- Theories say lead poisoning may have led to the fall of the Roman Empire.
- Food/wine may have been contaminated with lead.
- Scientists found that Roman remains had bones with high lead levels.
- Lead's symbol (Pb) stands for the Latin word, plumbum.
- Plumbum means "waterworks" - referring back to ancient times when lead was widely used for water pipes.
- Pencil "lead" does not contain the element lead.
- It is made up of a non-toxic mixture of graphite and clay.
- When a graphite deposit was discovered in Borrowdale, England in 1564, people thought the graphite was a type of lead.
- They called it black lead (plumbago).
Works Cited
Greene, D. (2014, May 10). Effects of Lead on the Environment. Lead Action News.
https://www.lead.org.au/lanv1n2/lanv1n2-8.html
Lew, K. (2009). Understanding the Elements of the Periodic Table - Lead (1st ed.). The Rosen Publishing Group.
McKinney, D. B. (2019). Exploring The Elements - Lead. Enslow Publishing.
Region of Waterloo Public Health. Lead in Drinking Water. Region of Waterloo.
https://www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/health-and-wellness/resources/Documents/Lead_DrinkingWater.pdf
Van Eck, S. Lead remains critical to the safety and reliability of space systems. Lead Matters.
https://leadmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Lead-Matters_Case-study_Space_FINAL-PHASE-1.pdf
Van Eck, S., Goriely, S., Jorissen, A., & Plez, B. (2001, August 22). Heavy Metal Stars. Eso.org.
https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0129/
Winter, M. (2022). Lead - 82Pb. WebElements.
https://www.webelements.com/lead/chemistry.html#:~:text=Reaction%20of%20lead%20with%20the,chloride%2C%20PbCl2%2C%20respectively
images cited
Images Used
Battery Basics: Lead. Fleet Equipment.
https://www.fleetequipmentmag.com/battery-basics-lead-acid-absorbed-glass-mat-and-thin-plate-pure-lead/
Is Lead Flammable? Will it Burn? Firefighter Insider. https://firefighterinsider.com/lead-flammable/
Lead Apron. Amazon. https://www.amazon.ca/Lead-Apron-Equivalency-Protection-HealthGoodsInTM/dp/B07DB8WQSY
Lead Glass. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_glass
Lead Silver Solder Alloy. Belmont. https://www.belmontmetals.com/product/lead-silver-solder-alloy/
Lead. Northern Research Mine Society. https://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines-map/minerals/lead/
Red Deer Lead Management Program. Red Deer.
https://www.reddeer.ca/city-services/water-wastewater--stormwater/water/monitoring-lead-in-red-deers-water/red-deers-lead-management-program/
Lead. KnowledgeDoor. http://www.knowledgedoor.com/2/elements_handbook/lead.html
Singh, S. (2021, April 20). Facts about using lead-acid battery recycling. Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/key-facts-about-used-lead-acid-battery-recycling-2021-04-20/
Tlt, E. Periodic Table Element Lead. Shutterstock.
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/periodic-table-element-lead-467692265