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WWII
1939
German Offensive 1939-40
- September 1939 Nazi Germany invades Poland
- Blitzkrieg
- Phoney War
1940
Allies Vs. Axis
- Germany
- Italy
- Japan
Allies Vs. Axis
- British Empire & Commonwealth
- France and Empire
- China
- United States of America (1941-45)
- USSR (1941-45)
Map
Map
1940 Invasions
- April 1940 invasion of Denmark & Norway
- May 1940 invasion of Netherlands, Beligum and France
- Winston Churchill becomes British PM
- Kings, queens and governments flee to exile in London, others became hostages.
Defeat of France
- Germans bypass Maginot line of defenses and attack through the Ardennes mountains.
- Rapid advance of Panzer tanks.
- French surrender
- Italy invades southern France
- Vichy France (a fascist Puppet State) is left to rule southern France.
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
- British Expeditionary Force sent to help French army.
- They failed to stop the German invasion and became trapped in the French port of Dunkirk.
- Navy and Civilian boats rescued 300,000 French and British soldiers from Dunkirk.
- Britain now stood virtually alone against the Axis forces.
Battle of Britain
- Operation Sea Lion (Plan to invade Britain after defeating Royal Air Force RAF)
- Dogfights
- RAF Planes: Spitfires and Hurricanes
- Why did Britain win?
- Luftwaffe focused on bombing London and gave the RAF time to recover.
- The British used radar and predicted attack.
- Spitfires were better planes.
The Blitz
- Bombing of civilians in London.
- Incendiary bombs.
- 40,000 civilians died
- Almost 4 million people (mostly children) were evacuated to the countryside.
- Underground stations were used as bomb-shelters.
- Industrial cities like Birmingham, Liverpool, Coventry and Belfast suffered heavy bombing.
The Blitz
Operation Green
- Plans for Nazi invasion of Ireland in support of Operation Sea Lion.
- Ireland was to be invaded through France, landing in a line from Wexford to Dungarvan then advancing north to a line running from Clonmel to Gorey.
- It is most likely a credible threat, aimed at Britain.
- The British government designed Plan W with the Irish government in secret, promising to work together in case the Nazis invaded Ireland.
Operation Barbarossa 1941
- While fighting Britain, Hitler decided to invade the USSR in June 1941.
- Largest army ever mustered. 3million
- 3 groups aimed for 3 Russian cities.
- The Soviets were well equipped but poorly trained and led.
- Retreat and Scorched Earth Policy.
- Heavy losses and October rains.
- Nazis lacked supplies and winter gear.
- In December, the Soviets who were equipped for the Winter attacked the weakened Germans.
- Why did Hitler invade the USSR?
Italian campaigns
Italian Empire
Italian campaigns
- Aims to recreate Roman Empire.
- Lots of troops but poor equipment, few tanks, poor planes.
- Italian invasion of Greece was a disaster and Nazi troops arrived to finish the invasion.
- Greece and Yugoslavia surrendered to the Axis powers.
- Italy couldn't hold its African possessions, Britain successfully conquered north Africa and invaded Sicily.
- The Italian King fired Mussolini and he fled to Milan where the Nazis supported a puppet state until 1945.
Italian Ambitions
Japan Vs. USA 1941
- Japan wanted to take over the Pacific and create an Empire.
- They decided to try to destroy the US Pacific navy docked in Pearl Harbour in Hawaii.
- The United States President Roosevelt wanted to help Britain so he declared war on Germany and Japan.
Turning Points 1942
- Nazi Germany seemed to be in charge of Europe.
- Only Britain and Neutral countries were unoccupied.
- Nazi Germany stretched inself too far in 1942.
Stalingrad, USSR
- In 1942 the Nazis reached their objective, the oil fields of Southern Russia and the city of Stalingrad.
- Soviet General Zhukov was organising a massive assault.
- The Nazis couldn't supply Stalingrad and Hitler wouldn't allow a retreat.
- Winter killed many.
- 300,000 German troops died.
- The Soviets began pushing the Nazis out of Russia.
El Alamein, Egypt
- Britain has managed to hold Egypt and the Middle East for the war.
- By 1942 the British army had been pushed all the way back to El Alamein in Egypt.
El Alamein, Egypt
Learning Intention
- Explain why El-Alamein was a key turning point in WWII
- Describe the Allied reconquest of France
Learning Intention
Why was Egypt key?
End of Axis in Africa
- General Montgomery gathered in troops and new American tanks and beat the Axis forces after a fierce battle.
- American and British troops landed in Morocco and Algeria pusing the Axis armies into Tunisia.
- What would happen next?
Italy
- Why did the Allies chose to attack Mussolini in Italy instead of Hitler in Germany?
- The King fired Mussolini
- Italy joined the Allies.
- Northern Italy became a Nazi satellite.
Operation Overlord
- Why would Stalin put pressure on Britain and the USA to invade Europe?
- Where would Hitler inspect an invasion?
Operation Overlord
D-Day Landings
- Surprise landings on Norman beaches.
- Beach codenames: Utah, Omaha, Juno, Gold and Sword.
D-Day Landings
Storming beaches
Why was Omaha beach difficult to assault?
A U.S. Triumph
- The Normandy landings are considered one of America's proudest moments. Why do you think this is?
A U.S. Triumph
Victory in France
- As the Allies advanced, the French resistance rose up, fighting across the country.
- Hitler: "Paris must not fall into the enemy's hand except lying in complete debris"
- His general refused and surrendered Paris.
Victory in France
Homework
Mind-map for account of D-day
Homework
Victory in Europe
- How did the Allies win the war?
Victory in Europe
Yalta Conference
- The allied leaders met in February in Ukraine.
- Who is present in the picture?
- Decisions taken:
- European borders after the war, ie. Poland's borders.
- Push for unconditional Nazi surrender.
Why did the Allies win?
Holocaust
- Jews were forced to wear a Yellow Star of David in Nazi occupied lands.
- Many Jewish people were shot as the Nazi army advanced through USSR.
- 1942 The Final Solution ordered by Nazi command.
- Himmler was in charge of carrying this out.
- Death camps at Auschwitz & Treblinka.
- 6 million Jewish people were murdered.
- The Nuremberg trails were held after the war to try and execute Nazi leaders involved in the Holocaust.
- Why do some people deny this happened?
Victims of Nazi Death Camps
Jews 5.93 million
Soviet POWs 2–3 million
Ethnic Poles 1.8–1.9 million
Roma 90,000–220,000
Disabled 150,000
Jehovah's Witnesses 1,400 to 2,500
Gay men Unknown number
Victory in Japan
- Battle of Midway
- What were the risks of invading Japan?
- Manhattan Project
- President Truman
- Nuclear boming of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- 90,000 instant deaths
- 126,000 - 216,000 deaths
- Why did the United States decide to do this?
Victory in Japan
Consequences
- The USSR forced Eastern European countries to run Communist Puppet States.
- The mistrust between the two Superpowers the USA and USSR would lead to the Cold War.
- Britain and France could do longer hold their large empires - Decolonisation.
- Europeans became to plan how to avoid wars in the future and this lead to the creation of the European Economic Community in 1956.
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