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SMOKING AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH PRESENTATION
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SMOKING AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
PRESENTATION CREATED BY GROUP 12
HANNAH FERGUSON S00135641
& ASHLEE MAYER S00256186
Figure 1. Cigarette in hand. (2018) Retrieved from https://sisat.com/news/smoking-raises-lifetime-risk-irregular-heart-rate-1349309
INTRODUCTION
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
NRSG636: Foundations of Specialty Practice 1: Assessment Two
Health Determinants Presentation
Presentation created by group 12:
Hannah Ferguson S00135641
Ashlee Mayer S00256186
Figure 2. Cigarette and woman holding heart. (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/798744/smoking-heart-disease-risks-factors-heavy-smokers-immune
OUTLINE
- Health determinant: Smoking
- Statistics of smoking and cardiovascular disease in Australia
- What is in a cigarette?
OUTLINE
- How smoking contributes to cardiovascular disease
- Anatomy and function of a healthy endothelium
Figure 2b. Cigarettes. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100218/karnataka-despite-ban-sale-of-loose-cigarettes-continue.html
- Cellular-level pathological changes resulting from smoking
- Smoking cessation
- Conclusion
HEALTH DETERMINANT:SMOKING
SMOKING AS A HEALTH DETERMINANT
Health determinants are factors which influence and impact the health of an individual and/or population (AIHW, 2016).
Tobacco smoking is one of the most preventable causes of ill health and death in Australia (AIHW, 2017).
Figure 3. Framework for determinants of health. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2016/contents/chapter-4-determinants-of-health
STATISTICS
Figure 3. Statistics. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.dreamconsultancy.com.au/web-blog/2012/11/07/some-interesting-seo-statistics/
SMOKING STATISTICS
SMOKING
One in seven Australians aged 15 years or older smoke
Smoking kills more than 22,000 Australian's per year
(Heart Foundation, 2017)
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
STATISTICS
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular disease accounted for nearly 28% of all deaths in Australia in 2016
In 2014/2015 cardiovascular disease was the main cause of 490,000 hospilisations in Australia
(Heart Foundation, 2017)
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND SMOKING
19% of the burden of ischemic heart disease in Australia in 2010 was as a result of smoking (Heart Foundation, 2014)
Those who smoke are:
4x more likely to die from heart disease
3x more likely to die from sudden cardiac death
20x more likely to get angina
(Heart Foundation, 2015)
WHAT IS IN A CIGARETTE?
?
WHAT IS IN A CIGARETTE?
Figure 5. Cigarettes & early death. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/stop-smoking/living-with/just-1-cigarette-day-can-deadly-study/.
Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals
Nicotine and carbon monoxide are both found in cigarettes
(Papathanasiou, Mamali, Papfloratos, & Zerva. 2014).
NICOTINE
Highly addictive chemical
Deregulates cardiac autonomic function
Heightens sympathetic activation
Stimulates catecholamine release
NICOTINE
Increases heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial workload
(Papathanasiou et al., 2014)
CARBON MONOXIDE
Poisonous Gas
Causes a reduction in uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin
CARBON MONOXIDE
Reduced delivery of oxygen to heart muscle, impairing cardiac function
(Papathanasiou et al., 2014)
HOW DOES SMOKING INCREASE ONES RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE?
SMOKING AND THE INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Risk of thrombosis
Myocardial workload Oxygen delivery
Catecholmaine release and vasoconstriction
Oxidative stress
Higher risk lipid profile
Endothelial damage
Risk of atheroslerosis
Selective semi-permeable barrier
A HEALTHY ENDOTHELIUM
Non-adhesive surface
Vascular integrity
Blood flows freely
ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF A HEALTHY ENDOTHELIUM
Figure 6. The Structure of an Artery Wall. (2013) Retrieved from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/ultrastructure/blood-vessels/
Cahill & Redmond, 2016; Gao, 2017; Vallance & Webb, 2014
CELLULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES CAUSED BY SMOKING
CELLULAR
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
CHANGES CAUSED BY SMOKING
Figure 7. Burning Cigarette (2018). Retrieved from https://prezi.com
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Figure 8.Timeline of atherosclerosis development, showing underlying role of endothelial dysfunction. (2015) Retrieved from: https://www.drcarney.com/blog/entry/who-has-heart-disease-everyone
Guyton & Hall, 2016; Rodriguez-Porcel, Chade & Miller, 2016; Vallance & Webb, 2014)
eNOS
NOX
Endogenous and Exogenous
CELLULAR CHANGES
oxidative stress
Figure 8. Mechanism of endothelium dysfunction from cigarette smoke. Reprinted from “The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke,” by A. & D. Bernhard, 2013, Nature Reviews Cardiology, 10, p. 222.
,
Chang, Park & Lee, 2016; Ramji & Davies, 2015; Vallance & Webb, 2014; Xu & Shi, 2014
SMOKING CESSATION
SMOKING CESSATION
Figure 9. What Happens To Your Body When You Quit Smoking? [Video]. Retrieved September 3, 2018 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzcTyDYEgG4
Due to time restrictions, please watch only the first minute of the above clip
SUMMARY
CONCLUSION
Health determinants are factors with influence the health of individuals
Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease
The chemicals found in tobacco smoke have been shown to cause detrimental cellular-level changes that effect cardiovascular health
A healthy endothelium is vital in maintaining homeostasis of the coronary arteries and preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis
Ceasing smoking has many health benefits and there are multiple options to help individuals quit.
REFERENCES - PAGE 1
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2012). Australia's Health 2012. [AIHW Cat. no. AUS 99. Canberra: AIHW].
Retrieved from http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication- detail/?id=10737422172
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2014). Health and illness [AIHW Cat. No. AUD 178. Canberra: AIHW. Retrieve
from https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/fc2c053f-7707-437e-90b3-227818bba0a5/1_1-health-illness.pdf.aspx
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2017).Risk Factors to Health: Tobacco Smoking. Retrieved from https://
www.aihw.gov.au/reports/biomedical-risk-factors/risk-factors-to-health/contents/tobacco-smoking
Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L., & Buckley, T. (2017). Lewis’s medical-surgical nursing: Assessment of Management o
Clincial Problems. Port Melbourne, Vic: Elsevier.
Cahill, P. A, & Redmond, E. M. (2016). Vascular Endothelium - Gatekeeper of vessel health. Atherosclerosis, 97-109.
Chang, K., Park, J., & Lee, M. (2016). NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 mediates cigarette smoke-induced superoxide generation in rat vascular
smooth muscle cells. Toxicology Letters, 259(SS), S175.
Endothelial dysfunction [Image] Retrieved 4 September 2018 from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/clc.20854
Gao, Y. (2017). Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle: Vasoconstriction and Dilatation. Springer Singapore
Guyton, A.C, & Hall, J, E. (2016). Guyton & Hall textbook of medical physiology (13th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier
Mechanism of endothelium dysfunction from cigarette smoke. Reprinted from “The biology behind the atherothrombotic
effects of cigarette smoke”. (A. & D. Bernhard, 2013). Nature Reviews Cardiology, 10, p. 222.
Mishra, A., Chaturvedi, P., Datta, S., Sinkumar, S., Joshi, P., & Garg, A. (2015). Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian Journal of
Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 36(1), 24-31. doi: 10.4103/0971-5851.151771.
National Heart Foundation of Australia. (2016). Smoking and your Heart Health. Retrieved from https:/
www.heartfoundation.org.auimages/uploads/publications/CON-074-v4_Smoking_and_your_health-WEB.PDF
National Heart Foundation of Australia. (2015). Smoking Statistics. Retrieved from
https:www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia/smoking-statistics
Papathanasiou, G., Mamali, A., Papfloratos, S., & Zerva, E. (2014). Effects of Smoking on Cardiovascular Function: The Role
of Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide. Health Science Journal, 8(2), 274-290. Retrieved from http://www.hsj.gr/
medicine/effects-of-smoking-on-cardiovascular-function-the-role-of-nicotine-and-carbon-monoxide.php?
aid=2732
Ramji,, D. P., & Davies. T. S. (2015). Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic
targets. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, 26(6), 673-685.
Ramachandran, M. (2015). Heart and Toxins. London, UK: Elsevier.
REFERENCES - PAGE 2
Res, J. (2013). The Effect of Chronic Tobacco Smoking and Chewing on the Lipid Profile. Journal of Clinical &
Diagnostic Research, 7(1), 31-34. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2012/5086.2663
Rodriguez-Porcel, M., Chade, A., & Miller, J. (2017). Studies on Atherosclerosis (Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical
Practice).
Singh, C. & Kathiresan, K. (2015). Effect of cigarette smoking on human health and promising remedy by
mangroves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(2), 162-167. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/
S2221-1691(15)30337-3
The Structure of an Artery Wall (2013). [Image]. Retrieved from: http://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/
ultrastructure/blood-vessels/
Timeline of atherosclerosis development, showing underlying role of endothelial dysfunction.
(2015). Retrieved from: https://www.drcarney.com/blog/entry/who-has-heart-disease-
everyone
Vallance, P., & Wedd, D. (2014). Vascular Endothelium in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology (1st ed.). CRC Press
World Health Organisation. (2018). Fact sheet about health benefits of smoking cessation.
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/tobacco/quitting/benefits/en/
Xu, & Shi. (2014). Vascular wall extracellular matrix proteins and vascular diseases. BBA - Molecular Basis of Disease,
1842(11), 2106-2119.