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Hippocratic Oath & Medical Ethics

Jennifer Soto

MOA 193 Current Procedure Term Coding

Insatructor Brown

06/03/2023

Hippocratic Oath

-He was the only practitioner with that name. The way the name came about , is because throughout generations the teaching of medicine for students who substantiated codes of principle.

- He was known as the " The Father of Medicine".

-Greeks believed that if a NEW physician would swear to the healing gods (This will show the professional ethical standards)

-Early stages of Oath , this helped with the training outside of Hippocratic medicine , the Asclepiads of Kos by requiring strict loyalty

- He was able to detect diseases just by patients symptoms.

Hippocratic Collection

Hippocratic Collection

Anatomy

Progonisis

Surgery

- In the year of 460 B.C , in he island if Cos Hippocrates was born.

-He was a teacher in the island of Cos , in which his subject was " practitioner of medicine ".

-He was also an author of the treatises. He passed away in the year of 370 in Thessaly .

Hippocrates

Hippocratic Oath

“ I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art. I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves.

While I continue to keep this Oath unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the art, respected by all men, in all times! But should I trespass and violate this Oath, may the reverse be my lot! “

Francis Adams 1849, Hippocratic Oath (c.400 bc)

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted

Medical Ethics

-AMA Code of Medical Ethics, where physicians show

their intentions as, “ healers, educations, scientists”.

- Patients must gain confidence with their physicians, physicians show their knowledge as they attend every patient in their day-to-day practice.

-With the “Code” this is supposed to help direct physicians to give patients the right treatments and medicines etc.

“Personal or individual conscience, personal or individual integrity, personal or individual moral autonomy, or any other individualized philosophical values, are not firm foundations upon which to construct a policy regarding professional health care ethics.”

-Frank H. Knight (1885-1972)

Frank H. Knight

Informed Consent

-Information must be given to patient.

- Communication with physician and patients should be a successful, and gain a relationship, and help with many decision making.

-Physicians help inform all patients with different sorts of treatments.

-Physicians should have complete access to patients consent to help with making any decision making for medical.

- Patients should know their rights about medical treatments.

Examples

- “Assess the patient’s ability to understand relevant medical information, implications of treatment alternatives, and to make an independent voluntary decision.”

- Patients need to be aware of any diagnosis

- Patients must be aware of the benefits and treatments requested .

- Did you know that when in, life or death decision, patents aren’t allowed to make nay medical decisions. The person listed on emergency can have a say on what treatments have to be done.

MoraL Rights

“Ethical principles are often used to justify both a moral right to access health care and the privileges related related to this right to care” . (Hammaker & Knadig , 2015, p.20)

Negative Moral Rights

- “Such as a normal right not to be denied access to health care, are moral rights that protect the legal right to choose what health insurance coverage to purchase”.

- Negative rights = right to claims for the health insurance industry.

- Affordable insurance

- Negative right towards the healthcare production.

Postive Moral Rights

- “ Are rights that provide something that people need secure their well-being,such as a right to access medical treatments to treat their illness.”

- Help those in need of medical attention.

- Respecting patients moral rights.

- Positive rights = give people health insurance to buy health care.

Frank H. Knight

“ Whenever there is conflict between moral rights and legal rights, life and human dignity must be respected (Keyes , 2011) .” (Knight, 2015, p. 3)

“ Whenever there is conflict between moral rights and legal rights, life and human dignity must be respected”. (Keyes , 2011, p.20)

Keyes

Ethic Cases & Legal Briefs

-AMA Code of Medical Ethic, is where patients should know that physicians can be trusted by communicating to them, such as letting them know about Covid-19 vaccines.

-Physicians are supposed to keep their patients safe.

-Physicians are also supposed to be keep patients information secured.

- Physicians are also supposed to keep their personal information respected.

-1988 council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs were the primary group to “ rights to privacy and to confidentiality of the AIDS victim… are absolute until they infringe in the material way on the safety of another person or persons.”

Ethics Cases & Legal Briefs

- Covid-19 the virus that caused a breakthrough an in which has contaminated millions of people, even with vaccinations will still be in high risks to catch the virus.

- Therefore if patients asks if physicians are vaccinated, physician will still be at risk for catching Covid-19.

- It's recommended to wear masks to protected one another physicians and patients .

- Physicians can also have the choice to not speak about their vaccinated information.

- Ethical decision-making are established through the ethical principles or the values in the healthcare system to help make the right choices to help professionals in the field.

- Right or Wrong decisions are made defending the legal or business decision.

- “Philosophical models for decision-making can assist in ensuring that the best ethical judgements are being made whe actions involve and actual or potential burden or harm to an individual or individuals, or to health care system itself , or when there is a violation of the law or breach in ethical behavior.”

Ethical Decision-Making

(Part 1 )

- There are 8 models that can be used to help classify or make decisions .

With these 8 models , these are used to help analyze diseases

- The Social Media Model Holds

- The Utility Model

- The Rights Model

- The Exceptions Model

- The Choices Model

- The Justice Model

- The Common Good Model

- The Virtue Model

- In the U.S it is established to help and treat to manage the diseases.

Ethical Decision-Making

(Part 2 )

Ethical Practice in Telemedicine

-Technology , this was a way where physicians and patients were able to communicate with one another during the pandemic.

-As a patients it’s important to receive accurate care and information about treatments

-Learning about both sides privacy , respect and also confidentiality

-Learn the protocols

- To protect the patients information

- Technology, is an important role because learning how to interact with

- Patents identity

- Patients will have an understanding on how telemedicine works both ways , also this will help physicians with how to give proper treatments and medications

Privacy , Confidentiality & Medical Records

- Respecting a patient’s information and privacy is an “expression of respect for patent autonomy and a prerequisite for trust”.

- Physicians job is to protect a patient’s privacy :

- Such as physical space

- Information privacy

- Decision Privacy

- Associational privacy

– Being able to trust their own physician is important.

- Creating a relationship with patient and physician.

North , M. (2002, September 6). Greek Medicine - Hippocratic Oath. National Institution of Health. Retrieved September 16, 2012, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html#:~:text=The%20Hippocratic%20Oath%20(%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82)%20is,number%20of%20professional%20ethical%20standards.

(n.d.). Hippocratic Oath. 250 Britannica Academic. https://academic-eb-com.libwin2k.glendale.edu/levels/collegiate/article/Hippocratic-oath/40542

(n.d.). Medicine in Ancient Greece. Maryville University. https://online.maryville.edu/online-doctorate-degrees/doctor-education/medicine-in-ancient-greece/

(n.d.). Informed Consent in Research. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/informed-consent-research

Hammaker , D. K., & Knadig, T. M. (2015). Health Care Ethics And The Law (1st ed.).

Resources

Resourses Part 2

(n.d.). Importance of the Code. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/

(n.d.). Informed Consent. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/informed-consent

(2021, October 6). Must Physicians disclose personal health information to patients? AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/Must%20physicians%20disclose%20personal%20health%20information%20to%20patients_2.pdf

(n.d.). Ethical Practice in Telemedicine. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/ethical-practice-telemedicine

(n.d.). Privacy, Confidentiality & Medical Records. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/chapters/privacy-confidentiality-medical-records

Hammaker , D. K., & Knadig , T. M. (2015). Health Care Ethics and The Law (1st ed., p. 20)

(n.d.). Hippocrates - The Father of Medicine. Greece Island Kos Hellas Travel Guide. https://www.kosisland.gr/en/kosisland-history/hippocrates-from-kos.html

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