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10
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE & IMPUNITY
UN &
SECURITY COUNCIL
History II
SOVEREIGNTY & STATE POWER
IDEOLOGIES
THE NON AGGRESSION PACT
THE AFTERMATH OF WWII
BATTLES
ATOMIC BOMB
END OF WWII
THE HOLOCAUST
great depression
Hitler
THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND HITLER RISE TO POWER
early life
Adolf
Hitler
- Born April 20, 1889 in Austria—died April 30, 1945, Berlin, Germany), leader of the Nazi Party
- In 1913 Hitler moved to Munich. Screened for Austrian military service in February 1914, he was classified as unfit because of inadequate physical vigor
- volunteer in a reserve infantry regiment
- in late 1918, he joined the small German Workers’ Party
What is it?
- The world's longest and most severe economic depression
- late 1920's to early 1930's
Great
depression
On August 23,1939, Nazi Germany
and the Soviet Union signed the German-Soviet nonaggression
Pact that stated that the two countries should not take any military measures or actions towards each other.
How did it all start?
Due to some escalations of events....
We got a sequel to the war
How do you start a war?
-You invade.
=Bs keda?
Official Start
Ja, dumm.
September 1st, 1939.
Germany targeting Poland
-Poland's over & under statement
-Resource Exhaustion
-Better aerials
Poland
Germany.... Wins?
-18% of Polish 'unalived', german casualties 14k,
-Expansion!
Aftermath
What next?
Short answer? Expansion.
Long answer? *Deep breath in* EUROPEEEE
North EU
The lightning War
Like all things german, it was brilliant and efficient
-Seen in Poland too
B
A
Blitzkrieg
C
Efficiency: 100
Belgium, 18 days, ~88k casualties
Holland, 5 days, ~210k casualties
Denmark, 6 hours ~6k casualties
Results
A major
Genocide
It's not just 1...?
44,000 concentration camps existed.
Concentration camps
Forced-labor camps
Transit camps
Prisoner-of-war camps
Killing centers
Concentration
Camps
The Two major Holocausts
Aushwitz
I und II
Basic European stuff
Jewish discrimination
-No one likes the jews
-Kristallnacht progrom November 1938
-Arrests of Jews
-Laws...
Joseph Mengele's work
Child Abuse
Slavery kinda
The burning
Crimes
YALTA CONFERENCE
D-DAY
WHY STALINGRAD?
-great industrial city
-named after Joseph Stalin
STALINGRAD
One of the most monumental battles that ended the Nazi power
YALTA CONFERENCE (CRIMEA CONFERENCE)
bombing of Dresden, during World War II, Allied bombing raids on February 13–15, 1945, that almost completely destroyed the German city of Dresden. The raids became a symbol of the “terror bombing” campaign against Germany, which was one of the most controversial Allied actions of the war.
Bombing
of dresden
- On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb over Hiroshima.
- Three days later, a second atomic bomb landed on Nagasaki.
- The Rise of The US to Superpower Status
- The Emergence of The Cold Wشقar
- The Beginning of The Nuclear Age
The main bodies of the United Nations
- The General Assembly,
- The Security Council,
- The Economic and Social Council,
- The Trusteeship Council,
- The International Court of Justice
- The UN Secretariat
general assembly committees
What ARE THE COMMITTIES
The six Main Committees are:
- The Disarmament and International Security Committee
- The Economic and Financial Committee
- The Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee
- The Special Political and Decolonization Committee
- The Administrative and Budgetary Committee
- The Legal Committee
Economic and Social
Council
- As the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and for formulating policy recommendations
- The Council plays a key role in fostering international cooperation for development.
- was established to supervise the administration of trust territories as they transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations.
- It suspended its activities in 1994, when Palau, the last of the original 11 trust territories, gained its independence.
Trusteeship
Council
The Court's role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
the International
Court of Justice
Who is he ?
the UN
Secretariat
- The Secretary-General is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the UN Secretariat.
- The United Nations Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other main organs.
THE STAR OF THE SHOW
The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.
Security
Council
who are the parmenant states
"Permanent membership in the Security Council was granted to five states based on their importance in the aftermath of World War II."
Veto POWER
The Veto Power kiddos
Permanents
five permanent members
- The Republic of China [Taiwan]
- France
- The Soviet Union(Currently Russian Federation)
- the United Kingdom
- the United States
Ten nonpermanent members
elected by the UN General Assembly
for two-year terms
currently are :
Albania, Brazil , Ecuador, Gabon,
Ghana, Japan, Malta, Mozambique. Switzerland, United Arab Emirates
changeable
SOVEREIGNTY
- it means countries get to control what happens inside their borders and can’t interfere in what happens elsewhere.
- This control is done by the highest level of power that cannot be overruled (when a state government/individual has legitimacy and authority)
AUTHORITY
The ability to exercise power through decision making, giving orders, or the ability of others to comply with demands
SELF- DETERMINATION
Fifty independent countries existed in 1920. Today, there are nearly two hundred.
One of the motivating forces behind this wave of country-creation was self-determination
SELF- DETERMINATION
the concept that nations (groups of people united by ethnicity, language, geography, history, or other common characteristics) should be able to determine their political future.
In the early twentieth century, a handful of European empires ruled the majority of the world. However, colonized nations across Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and elsewhere argued that they deserved the right to self-govern. Their calls for self-determination became rallying cries for independence.
QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT
- IF A COUNTRY IS COMMITING GENOCIDE/MASS KILLINGS/ ETHNIC CLEANSING TOWARDS ITS PEOPLE, DOES THE SOVERRIGNTY PRINCIPLE PREVENT THE WORLD FROM STOPPING THAT?
- AREN'T THERE SOME GLOBAL ISSUES, SOMETHING HAPPENING IN A COUNTRY WOULD AFFECT THE WHOLE WORLD? LIKE GASES EMISSIONS/ GLOBAL WARMING/ EPIDEMICS AND MORE?
- DOES THAT MEAN WE CAN CREATE MORE COUNTRIES OR ARE THEY SET IN STONE?
AMBAZONIA
REAL-LIFE CASE
Cameroon is divided by language: 80 percent of the country speaks French while the rest speaks English
a 1961 referendum that merged a British and a French colony. Although the areas were meant to have equal status, French speakers have controlled Cameroon’s government for decades, advancing policies that have alienated the country’s English-speaking minority. In 2017,
with many English speakers believing they would never be granted equality under the Francophone-dominated Cameroonian government, leaders from Cameroon’s English-speaking regions unilaterally declared an independent country called Ambazonia. Cameroon, however, refuses to recognize this demand for independence.
OHCHR
Transitional justice
- to protect human rights
- by the OHCHR
transtional
justice
rule of law
- standard, principle, or norm that guides conduct
- هىهindepent, impartial with open justice
rule of Law
Impunity
freedom from punishment
Impunity
Ideologies
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Political Ideologies
- A set of beliefs and values that compete over generating plans of action for public policy making to explain or reform a political community's social and political structures and processes.
Political
Totalitarianism
& Fascism
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism
- Non-democratic government.
- A single political body.
- Prohibition of certain practices (religions).
- No criticism.
- Control of means of production, media and economy.
- Secret police.
- Nazi Germany (propaganda, crushing of opposition)
- Orwell's 1984 (Big Brother, Doublethink).
fascism
Fascism
- Combines authoritarian and totalitarian regimes.
- Supreme power, control of labor, use of force against opposition, laws enforced by secret police.
- Extreme sense of nationalism.
- Need for state to be "reborn".
- Encouraged growth of cults (cult of personality).
Liberalism vs. Conservatism
Liberalism
& Conservatism
Liberalism
Liberalism
- Left-leaning political ideology.
- Progressive.
- Reliant on government.
- Believe in equal opportunity and equality, government intervention in the personal realm, civil liberties, human rights.
Values in liberalism
Values
- For: freedom of speech, press, religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality, and international cooperation.
- Against: political standards (inherited privilege), state religion, absolute monarchy, kings' divine right.
What is conservatism?
Conservatism
- Right-wing movement ideology.
- Progress limited to preserve traditions.
- Most often members of ruling class.
- Fear of consequences of progress.
- Limited government involvement.
- Considers past, acknowledge present, forecast future demand.
Points of conflict between liberalism & conservatism
points of
conflict
- Abortion
- Death Penalty
- The Economy
- Healthcare
- Taxes
What is Democracy?
- "demos" (people) and "cratia" (power).
- Presidential or Parliamentary.
- Direct and Representative.
Democracracy
Characteristics of Democracy
characteristics
- Elected representatives of the people rule and make decisions.
- Elections are in a fair environment.
- Adult franchise is guaranteed.
- Unalienable rights and freedoms are protected.
Economic Ideologies
- An economic ideology is a set of views forming the basis of an ideology on how the economy should run.
Economic
What is capitalism?
Capitalism
- Products and services are produced and traded in a free market.
- Production and its factors is privately-owned.
- Labor is needed for production.
- Shareholders, BOD and executives.
- Free market economy.
What is socialism?
Socialism
- Emerged after industrial revolution, transitional.
- Production for use, not for profit
- All citizens share equally in economic resources, allocated by a democratically-elected government.
- From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.
- Property can be owned, production is communally owned.
- Social Democracy.
What is communism?
- State controls all production and provides citizens with basic needs.
- No property allowed.
- Moneyless.
- Stateless.
- Classless.