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Svalbard
By: Madison D. Johnson
Relative Location
Physical Aspects
Svalbard is north of Norway and East of Greenland
Land Size
Land Area
The land size of Svalbard is 23,561 mi²
Physical Features
Of Svalbard
Physical Features
- Svalbard is composed of nine islands. the islands are Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Edgeøya, Barentsøya, Prins Karls Forland, Kvitøya, Kong Karls Land, Bear Island, and Hopen.
- Nearly 60 percent of the archipelago is covered in snowfields and glaciers
- Most of the glaciers meet the sea
- The highest measured point in Svalbard is Newton Peakin Spitsbergen. It reaches 5,633 feet (1,717 metres).
- The western and northern coastlines of Spitsbergen and Nordaust Land are heavily indented by fjords
- East coast of Nordaust Land is formed by a front of inland ice.
- Svalbard has a mountainous topography
- Spitsbergen are the large ice-free valleys
Estis Mons & Mares de Svalbard
Mons & Mares
- Newtontoppen is the highest mountain in all of Svalbard. At its peak it is 1,713 m
- Svalbard also has the only active volcano in all of Norway, Jan Mayen. This mountain measures in at 2277 m, thus making it the second most prominent mountain in Norway.
- The longest Fjord in Svalbard is Wijdefjord, it is 108 km (67 mi) long
- One of the most prevlent bodies of water is the Queen Victoria Sea. It reaches from the northeast of Svalbard to northwest Franz Josef Land, and for most of the year this sea is barricaded by ice
- Tjuvfjordlaguna is a lagoon located at Edgeøya, Svalbard. And inside the lagoon the glacier Deltabreen resides
Climate of Svalbard
Climate of Svalbard
The seas around this little archipelago are very shallow.
Well during the summer it only gets up to 59 °F (15 °C) . and during the winter −40 °F (−40 °C).
The climate is of an Arctic one, so it is cold for most of the year.
They also regularly have pack ice in them making it nearly any navel travel impossible.
Conclusion, you are going to be looking like Jacka-boy down there without a coat.
You want to know just how cold?
An arm of the North Atlantic Drift does reach up to it and leaves a little passage open during most months on the western coasts.
Veggies
Scope of The Land
Because of its harsh climate and being practically ice, only the most committed of plants live in Svalbard. A list of some of the plants that live here:
- The Tiny Polar Willow
- The Dwarf Birch
- White Arctic bell-heather
- Sulphur butter-cup
- Purple saxifrage
- Snow-bed willow
- Tundra moss
- Alpine bistort
- Drooping saxifrage
- Assorted mosses and lichens
Natural Resources
Rocks and stuff
Natural Resources
Included are some of the natural resources that Svalbard has:
- Coal
- Iron ore
- Copper
- Zinc
- Phosphate
- Walruses
- Polar Bears
- Reindeer
- Arctic foxes
- Fish and other marine life
The Bad Stuff
- Hazardous chemicals
- Polluted land
- Oil spill prevention
Environmental Issues
- Littered shores
- Waste management
Government of Country
Economy
The govenment that Svalbard has follows the type that Norway has. This mans that they have a Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy and is also a Unitary state. The King of Norway choosies a new goveneor every 3-5 years to run the archipelago. The job of the Govenor is to keep good relations with all of the people and most importanly to the Russians living there too.
Top Imports And Exports
I was not able to get the statistics on what Svalbard specifically imports and exports I was able to that of Norways, since Svalbard is a part of Norway.
Wile this might not be a phycial export, Svalbard is a well known place for reasearch and its data is exported to scientest around the world for various reasons
Raw Aluminium ($3.12B)
Refined Petroleum ($4.81B)
TIMELINE
Exports
Petroleum Gas ($27.7B)
Non-fillet Fresh Fish ($5.61B)
Crude Petroleum ($28.1B)
Imports
Cars
($6.29B)
Iron Structures ($4.11B)
Refined Petroleum ($2.28B)
Imports
Broadcasting Equipment ($1.69B)
Packaged Medicaments ($1.64B)
Language
Approximately 70% of the people are Norwegian; the remaining 30% are Russian and Ukrainian. The official language of Svalbard is Norwegian."
- Wikipedia
Culture
Religion
"Religion in Norway is mostly Lutheran Christianity, with 71.5% of the population belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway in 2016. The Catholic Church is the next largest Christian church at 2.9%." - Wikipedia
Religion
The Special Spots
Landmarks/ Architectural Structures
Here is a list of the places that Svalbard is most known for
- Svalbard Global Seed Vault
- Svalbard Kirke
- Svalbard Science Center
- Pyramiden
The People of Svalbard And Where Are They At
Population
The total amount of people living in Svalbard is 2 258. In a break down there are 1 229 males and 1 029 females. Here is a chart that breakes the population down even further.
Age Total Male Female
0 years: 13 7 6
1-5 years: 104 56 48
6-12 years: 168 96 72
13-15 years: 66 36 30
16-19 years: 76 40 36
20-44 years: 1,178 608 570
45-66 years: 617 359 258
67 years or older: 36 27 9
"The small population is primarily concentrated on the island of Spitsbergen in a handful of settlements on the south side of the Isfjorden, with Longyearbyen being the largest"
- CIA World Facbook
Foods
Lapskois is a dish that is composed of potatoes, Tender chunks of chopped beef, carrots and sausage. All of it is put into a skillet and let simmer until done. Most of the time people like to smash he potatoes and mix everything in with it
Foods of Svalbard
Vaffelkake is Made up of waffles and jam and is usually served in a heart shape.
Reindeer is very popular and can be served in many ways
Polarbröd Is a type of bread that you can find in almost any home in Svalbard
- One of the traditions is Smalahovelag at Gruvelageret. This is to welcome the new season of fall by eating a whole smoked sheep's head.
- Another fun one is The sun festival week. This marks the return of the sun for the people that live in Svalbard. They all gather at " The steps of the Old Hospital and when the suns rays reaches the steps the sun is declared back in Longyearbyen. This happens on the 8th of March.
Traditions of Svalbard
A Brief History
History to Learn & Cities to Burn
According to the Islandske Annaler (“Icelandic Annals”), Svalbard was discovered in 1194, but it remained unknown to the modern world until rediscovered by the Dutch explorers Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerck in June 1596. Dutch and English whalers arrived as early as 1611, followed by French, Hanseatic, Danish, and Norwegian whalers whose quarrels over whaling rights resulted in the division of the coast. The Russians arrived about 1715.
With the decline of whaling by 1800, the islands’ importance centred on the presence of coal. Not until the beginning of the 20th century were the deposits surveyed and mineral rights claimed by American, British, Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, and Russian companies and individuals. The claims were settled after the question of the islands’ sovereignty was resolved February 9, 1920, by a treaty granting possession to Norway and mineral rights on an equal basis to various European and other countries. Only Russia and Norway continue to extract and export coal from mines on the islands. Apart from mining, the only other economic activity is trapping. (Britannica)
Longyearbyen: 78.2232° N, 15.6267° E
Ny-Ålesund:
78.9235° N, 11.9099° E
Absolute Locations
Longyearbyen Information
Longyearbyen
This city is the largest of all the towns in Svalbard and is also the administrative centre of the islands. the town was named after John Munro Longyear as his coal company, Arctic Coal Company, started work there in 1906. Ten years later in 1916 a new company took over, Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani (SNSK) and still conducts operations there.
Longyearbyen Information Continued
Info 2
On 8 August 1943 the town was almost demolished by the German Kriegsmarine but was rebuilt after WWII. Throughout its history Longyearbyen has always been a company and mining town. But onw moning operations moved to Sveagruva in the 1990s the town has seen a booming in tourism and research.
Ny-Ålesund Information
Ny-Ålesund
Founded in 1917 by Peter Brandal and his mining company Kings Bay Kull Comp, Ny-Ålesund is a town in Oscar II Land on the Brøgger peninsula and sits on the bay of Kongsfjorden. Kings Bay owns the town and provides the permanent research institutes there. Most of the year there are only 30 to 35 peole living in the town. But in summer spiking up to 120.
Ny-Ålesund Information Continued
TITLE
Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben, Svalbard Rocket Range, a port and Ny-Ålesund Town and Mine Museum are the few thngs that this small town has to get in, out, and look at. Not to mention the fifteen permanent research stations that Kings Bay provides for them as well. To add to the glamor it is the northernmost functional civilian settlement in the world. There was also a few series of air expeditions from Ny-Ålesund to the North Pole.
- Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Svalbard.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/place/Svalbard.
- “Mountains on Svalbard.” Mountains on Svalbard, www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/svalbard.html.
- “Tjuvfjordlaguna.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Nov. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjuvfjordlaguna.
- “Wijdefjorden.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Sept. 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijdefjorden.
- “Queen Victoria Sea.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 May 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea.
- Overrein, Øystein, and Lennart Nilsen. “Svalbard's Vegetation.” Svalbard's Vegetation - The Cruise Handbook for Svalbard, cruise-handbook.npolar.no/en/svalbard/vegetation.html.
- https://www.adventure-life.com/arctic/articles/cruise-the-arctic-svalbard-islands
Bibliography
Bib. 2
- https://www.sysselmannen.no/en/Toppmeny/The-Governor-of-Svalbard/The-Governors-Tasks/Environmental-management/
- https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-government-does-norway-have.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Svalbard
- https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-government-does-norway-have.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Norway
- https://www.visitnorway.com/listings/svalbard-church/199335/
- https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/svalbard-science-center/
- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/soviet-ghost-town-arctic-circle-pyramiden-stands-alone-180951429/
- https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g503713-Activities-c47-Svalbard.html
- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/print_sv.html
- https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/befsvalbard/halvaar
- https://www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/blog/what-sorts-of-foods-do-people-eat-in-the-european-arctic
Bib. 3
- https://en.visitsvalbard.com/information/site-search-results?search=traditions
- https://boreal-yachting.com/the-cities-of-svalbard/