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Ch 12 Disease and the Immune System

Biology/Anatomy

Noninfectious Diseases

12.1

1. Describe the 2 main types of disease.

2. What distinguishes an acute disease from a chronic disease?

3. Why has the emphasis on the prevention and cure of diseases largely changed from childhood diseases to adult diseases?

4. List, describe, and give examples of 5 categories of noninfectious diseases.

5. What is an autoimmune disease? List 3 examples of autoimmune disease.

6. What is the most common cause of nutritional diseases in underdeveloped nations? In industrialized nations?

7. What four causative factors are thought to account for most cancer deaths? What are some ways to reduce your risk of cancer?

Disease

  • Disease- any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of the body.
  • Pathogen- any organisms which causes disease
  • Infectious- diseases caused by pathogens
  • Noninfectious- diseases caused by other factors such as hormones, genetics, aging etc.

Disease

Noninfectious Diseases

Noninfectious Diseases

  • Degenerative diseases- diseases in which tissues and organs gradually lose their ability to function properly
  • Examples include: heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinson's, dementia etc.
  • Immunological diseases- diseases caused by malfunctions of the immune system
  • Allergies- occur when the immune system overreacts to foreign substances
  • Autoimmune diseases- result when the immune system attacks the body it is supposed to protect
  • Examples include: rheumatoid arthritis
  • Hormonal diseases- disorders which occur as a result of malfunctions in the endocrine system
  • Most common is diabetes mellitus
  • Congenital disease- diseases that occur during development in the mother's womb and are present at birth; also known as birth defects
  • Genetic disease- a congenital disease that results from genetic/inherited characteristic
  • Deficiency disease- type of nutritional disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient.
  • Malnutrition-poor nutrition will often result in deficiency disease.
  • Cancer- condition that results from the runaway growth of the body's own cells
  • Tumor- a mass of rapidly reproducing cells
  • Benign- not cancerous
  • Malignant-a tumor that allows the cells to spread throughout the body
  • Causes: hereditary defects, nutrition, smoking or drug abuse, and viruses
  • Treatments: radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy

Infectious Diseases

1. Explain the difference between communicable and noncommunicable infectious diseases.

2.What are the basci bacterial shapes?

3. List 3 major ways that bacteria can cause harm during an infection.

4. How are new viruses produced? How might this process cause harm to the infected cell?

5. List 3 diseases caused by protozoa, 3 diseases caused by fungi, and 2 diseases caused by parasitic worms.

12.2

Infectious Disease

  • Communicable diseases- those in which the invading microbe can be transferred person to person (indirectly or directly)
  • Noncommunicable diseases- caused by microorganisms that are not transferred from one person to another

Infectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Types

Bacteria

  • Bacteria- microscopic unicellular creatures that are the most widespread organisms in the world
  • Structure
  • Prokaryotic cell- lacks nucleus membrane, only have one chromosome, have plasmids(small DNA circles)
  • Motile- capable of motion
  • Shapes
  • Cocci- spherical shaped which usually grow in clusters or chains
  • Bacilli- rod shaped
  • Spirilla- spiral shaped
  • Eating
  • Heterotrophic bacteria- unable to make their own food; must live as parasites or saprophytes.
  • Autotrophic- able to make their own food.
  • Reproduction
  • Binary fission-asexual process where one cell splits into 2 cells each one being a new bacterium
  • Sexually- exchange DNA with another bacterium
  • Aerobic bacteria- obtain oxygen from the air
  • Anerobic bacteria- live in the absence of oxygen
  • Pathogenic activities
  • Stealing cells nutrients
  • Producing harmful substances that can kill the infected individual
  • Turning body tissues into a battle ground

Viruses

  • Virus- molecule of genetic material enclosed in a geometric protein structure called a capsule
  • Replication- new viruses are manufactured and assembled by infected cells
  • When virus particles invade a cell its genetic material takes control of the cell. The cell's nucleus is reprogrammed to make copies of the virus blueprints and the cell's factories are instructed to produce virus proteins
  • Types
  • Retroviruses- RNA viruses that use their RNA to replicate viral DNA that is then inserted into the host cell's own chromosomes.
  • Types are classified on how their genetic information is enclosed
  • Diseases- cold sores, warts, rabies, small pox, yellow fever, influenza, common colds etc.

Protozoa, Fungi, and Parasites

  • Protozoa- single celled animals; responsible for well known diseases in tropical regions such as malaria
  • Fungi- considered mycotic diseases; includes diseases such as athletes foot and ring worm
  • Parasites- mainly by parasitic worms; cause diseases such as trichinosis and hookworm

Spread and Prevention

Spread and Prevention

  • Modes of transmission
  • Droplet infection- one which is carried by water droplets such as those discharged during a sneeze or a cough
  • Carrier- a person who displays no symptoms of a disease but harbors the pathogens in his body and passes them on to infect others
  • Vector- an animal that transmits infection
  • Venereal diseases- spread via sexual relations
  • STD's- sexually transmitted diseases.
  • Infection- when a pathogens which cause disease enter the body of a human an begin to grow there
  • Incubation period- period of development before their presence produces signs or symptoms of disease
  • Epidemic-when a disease spreads rapidly and extensively among a population
  • Prevention: hand washing, avoiding unnecessary contact, avoiding contamination, avoid vectors

Immune System

1. What is considered the key component of the immune system?

2. How do antibodies help fight infections?

3.What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

4. Describe the purposes of the tonsils and adenoids, Peyer's patches, spleen, and thymus.

5. How does your skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, and tears help prevent harmful bacteria from entering the body?

6. How do friendly bacteria of your digestive tract help protect from pathogens?

7. Name 2 ways that a fever helps your immune system fight pathogens.

8.How do you become immune to a disease?

9. Describe the 2 main types of immunity and their causes.

10. What are 2 immune-deficiency diseaes mentioned in the text? Which one is a communicable infectious diease?

11. What is HIV? What disease does this virus cuase?

12. List some ways mentioned that greatly reduce a person's risk of becomeing infected with HIV.

13. How do vaccines and antibiotics hlep your body fight diseases?

14. Explain the importance of proper diet, rest and excercise in preventing disease.

12.3

White Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

  • Leukocytes- white blood cells; do the work of protecting your body from invaders
  • Have several types
  • Communication
  • Histamine- invasion chemical messenger
  • Interferon- infection chemical messenger
  • Antibodies- y shaped proteins molecules that act like "homing missiles"
  • Inactivate the pathogens until they can be destroyed
  • Marking the for destruction by other defense mechanisms

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System

  • Tissue fluid-surrounds the body's cells; originates in the plasma of the blood; provides the cells with an environment that helps maintain a proper balance of water and electrolyte concentration
  • Lymph vessels-closed system that is a one-way transportation system and does not circulate like blood
  • Lymph ducts- large lymph vessels that collect lymph
  • Lymph nodes-special enlargements of lymphatic tissue; monitor the tissue fluid and help keep it healthy
  • Function- serve as bases and staging areas for white blood cells
  • Other lymph organs
  • Tonsils- filter bacteria in the throat/lymph nodes
  • Spleen-body's largest lymph organ
  • Thymus

Other Defenses of the Body

Other Defenses of the Body

  • Skin- tightly knitted barrier that viruses cannot penetrate
  • Mucous membranes- have cilia that act as filters to catch pathogens and viruses
  • Tears and sweat- contain lysosomes that kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls
  • "Friendly bacteria"- found in your digestive system; interfere with the growth of invading pathogens
  • Fever- elevated body temperature that speeds up body's cellular activities to help fight disease, as well as fights infection by hindering growth of some pathogens.

Immunity

Immunity

  • Immunity- resistance to a pathogen
  • Types
  • Acquired immunity- results from circulating antibodies or memory cells
  • Active- developed through an immune response to a pathogen
  • Passive- develops when someone receives an infusion of antibodies from someone else
  • Innate immunity- results from factors other than the presence of antibodies and memeory cells
  • Immune deficiency- breaking down of immune system that leaves the organism vulnerable

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