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Early Exploration of North America

Cultural Regions

#1. First Nations in North America

We know that there were hundreds of thousands, possibly millions of First Nations people living in North America before the Europeans arrived. There were 6 major cultural regions: Arctic, Subarctic, Eastern Woodlands, Northwest Coast, Plains, and Plateau

Cultural Regions Map

Map

Territories may be defined by kinship ties, occupation, seasonal travel routes, trade networks, management of resources, and cultural and linguistic connections to place

Activity #1:

Cultural Regions of Canada

Activity #1

In this activity, you will select a cultural reion that you want to study further. Using the Google Slides presentation, video lesson and some online resources, you will complete the assignment listed under "Activity 1" in Google Classroom

Why did Europeans First Come to North America?

#2. The Quest for a Direct Route to Asia

Europeans first arrived in what is now Canada in the 15th Century. John Cabot (whose real name was Giovanni Caboto and he was Italian) arrived in 1497 to claim territory for the British King.

In 1534, Jacques Cartier arrived in North America to claim land for France.

European countries wanted to own the land in North America so they could profit from it's resources, mainly fish, fur, and lumber

Exploring New Lands

European Interest in North America

Explorers from Spain

Spain

In 1492 Christopher Columbus promised the king and queen of Spain that he would find a shortcut to Asia by sailing west rather than journeying along the Spice Route which traveled through Africa.

Two months later, he arrived in what he thought was India. He encountered people whom he called 'Indians'. In fact, Columbus has arrived in Central and South America.

Columbus returned to Spain with his ship filled with silver and gold that he had taken from these people. Not only did this make Spain rich, but it showed Europeans that the world was actually much larger than they thought it was.

Spain was the first European Country to travel to the Americans (other than the Vikings).

Columbus' First Journey

Explorers from England

England

The King of England, Henry VII heard about Columbus's 'discovery' and wanted to get some land and riches for himself. He hired and Italian explorer, Giovanni Caboto, (John Cabot) to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1497, Cabot reached land, likely Newfoundland. Like Columbus, Cabot also thought he had reached Asia.

While Cabot did not find silver and gold, he did find rich fishing grounds off the coast of Newfoundland.

Cabot's Route

Explorers from Portugal

Portugal

In 1500 and 1501, Portugal sent two brothers, Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real to explore west of the Atlantic Ocean. They explored they reached Newfoundland and explored the coast of Labrador.

In 1520, an explorer named Fagundes established a small colony on what is now Cape Breton Island. Archaeologists and Historians think this is likely the first European settlement in North American Since the Vikings.

Corte-Real Voyage

Explorers From

France

France

France was the last European country to join in sending explorers to look for a new route to Asia. They were very busy fighting wars.

In 1523-1524 France sent an explorer named Giavani de Verrazzano to try to find a route to Asia. He explored nearly 3000 km of the eastern coast of North America.

It wasn't until Verazzano realized that he was travelling northward up the continent that the route to Asia was blocked by an entire continent!

The French king, Francis I, was jealous of all the wealth that Spain had found and so he hired Jaques Cartier to explore the new lands and find a direct route to Asia

Verrazzano's Journey

Activity #2: Explorers Mini Project

In this Activity, you will research an explorer who connected Europe to North America.

You will answer a series of questions in order to learn about their motivation, purpose, accomplishments, and contribution to collective learning (or what new information they brought back to Europe). A key piece of this activity is to research how we know about the explorer’s journey, which will allow you to examine the evidence they left behind (for example, did they draw new maps? Do we have letters that they sent back to Europe?).

Activity #2

Pick an Explorer

Select an explorer from the options below. To help you, I have provided a link to the Mariners Museum which has snapshots of information about each explorer.

Step #1

Link: https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/explore/

Find Answers to the Folloing questions

1. What part of the Americas did this person explore?

2. What was the motivation for their exploration? Was it for political, economic, religious, scientific, or technological reasons?

3. What did they discover? Land, people, goods, ideas, or a combination of these?

4. How did they contribute to collective learning? Focus on things such as ideas, goods, technology, religion, and politics.

Step #2

Share What You Found Out

In the Google Classroom assignment page, share the answer to two of the questions that you answered about your explorer (make sure to tell us which explorer you picked!).

Then, comment on one of the response that someone else left about a different explorer.

Step #3

#3. Europeans in North America

First Contact Between Europeans and First Nations

This video explores the relationships between European traders and Firs Nations up until the early 18th Century

Activity #1. First Contact

Case Study

Different First Nations groups have different First Contact experiences.

In this assignment, you will select one of the First Nations groups on the next slide and investigate the First Contact Story between that group and Europeans.

You will then complete the graphic organizer in Goolge Docs

Baffin Island Inuit

Beothuk

Cree

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beothuk

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/baffin-island-inuit

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cree

Kainai (blood)

Mik'maq

Gwich'in

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blood-kainai

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gwichin

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/micmac-mikmaq

Neutral Confederacy

Nisga'a

Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/neutral

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nisgaa

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth

Siksika (Blackfoot)

https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-siksika

#4. The Fur Trade

Studying the Fur

Trade through Primary Sources

Activity #4

Think back to the beginning of our semester when we talked about primary sources. Primary sources are sources of information from someone who actually experienced the event. They can take the form of diaries, letters, photographs, and even artwork.

Fur Trade Primary Source Analysis

Activity Outline

1. First, read the article on the Fur Trade posted here: Link: https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fur-trade

2. Then examine one of the two paintings of the fur trade in Canada

3. Fill out the Fur Trade Graphic Organizer that is on Google Classroom

Paintings for Activity #4

Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall by Frances Ann Hopkins, 1869 (Courtesy Library and Archives Canada)

Paintings

The Fur Traders at Montreal by George Agnew Reid, 1916 (Courtesy Library Archives Canada)

PICTURES

Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall by Frances Ann Hopkins, 1869 (Courtesy Library and Archives Canada)

PICTURES

The Fur Traders at Montreal by George Agnew Reid, 1916 (Courtesy Library Archives Canada)

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