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The Great Barrier Reef

by: Divia 9A

Interactions in an ecosystem

Ecosystem

Ecosystem - the relationship between the abiotic and biotic factors of an area (e.g great barrier reef)

community - all the living things that live in the same place and depend on

one another (e.g clown fish, anemones, coral reefs, sea snakes)

Population - a group of the same individuals in an area (e.g school of clown fish)

individual - one organism and one type of organism (e.g clown fish)

Food chain

Example of a food chain in this ecosystem

Food chains

Marine algae giant clam box jellyfish sea snake tiger shark

Producer primary c. secondary c. tertiary c. apex predator

Predator and Prey

predator - animal that hunts other animals (prey) for food

Prey - animals that are commonly hunted by other animals (predator)

Predator & Prey

Example

Example

Tiger shark is the predator of the sea snake, the sea snake is prey of the tiger shark but predator of box jellyfish, the box jellyfish is prey of sea snake but the predator of giant clam, the giant clam is prey of box jellyfish but the predator of marine algae, the marine algae is producer in the food chain.

Symbiotic relationships

Relationships

A symbiotic relationship occurs between two types of organisms and helps at least one of them survive

Mutualism

Where both organisms benefit. In a grassland ecosystem, a bee and a flower will have mutualism. Flower benefits by being pollinated, and the pollinator benefits by feeding on nectar

Type 1

Commenalism

where one organism is benefited and other is not affected or harmed. In a marine ecosystem, a clownfish and an anemone will have commensalism. Clownfish hide in anemone from predators and anemone is not affected.

Type 2

Parasitism

Type 3

where one organism is benefited and the other is harmed. The one that benefits is the parasite and the one harmed is the host. Fleas harm their hosts, like dogs, and bite their skin, suck their blood and cause them to itch. Fleas in return get food and a warm place to live. Although parasites do not often kill their hosts because they would die aswell

Intraspecific and Interspecific comeptitions

Competitions

interspecific competition means the competition of food or resources amongst different species. For e.g. a sheep and kangaroo competing for grass as their main food resource

Intraspecific competition means the competition of food or resources amongst the same species. For e.g. barnacles competing for space on rocks

Interspecific

Interspecific competition can be seen in the great barrier reef by sponges and coral fighting for space. Many more species also compete with each other for prey, territory and/or dominance.

Intraspecific competition can be seen by purple and red sea urchins. when resources are limited, things such as food and space. Within sea urchin barrens, a high density or sea urchins with limited resources makes optimal conditions for competition

Intraspecific

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Food and Energy

photosynthesis occurs when a plant absorbs the sun’s energy within its chloroplast, the process can be written as

carbon dioxide + water = → glucose + oxygen

Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction that is carried out in the mitochondria of a cell where glucose is broken down with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water and releasing energy (in ATP form)

The process can be written as

glucose + oxygen =→ carbon dioxide + water Energy (ATP)

In ecosystem

Corals are animals, but unlike zooxanthellae, they are unable to make glucose on their own. Zooxanthellae produce glucose during photosynthesis and give some of it to the coral. Due to their need for sunlight, the majority of corals are found in the euphotic zone.

Corals' cells respire, which releases carbon dioxide. Zooxanthellae use this gas to photosynthesize after receiving it from them. Oxygen is one of the byproducts produced by zooxanthellae during photosynthesis. For cellular respiration, corals require the oxygen produced during photosynthesis.

Modelling

Modelling

Exponential growth is the rapid acceleration increase of a population. It is not very realistic or sustainable because it relies on an infinite amount of resources such as food

Logistic modelling is when the population grows but plateaus once it comes at a certain level. It is more realistic for the real world

In ecosystem

Logistic modelling is best suited for the great barrier as it is more realistic and it fits best to this ecosystem. This can be seen as the population of marine animals grows, more food is consumed and the carrying capacity is reached,the populations start to plateau as some of the animals die or are disrupted due environmental or other issues.

Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity

limit and capacity

limiting factors are abiotic or biotic factors that stop a population from growing, things such as food, shelter, availability of water, etc.

the carrying capacity is the amount of population a certain area can handle with limited resources. An example of carrying capacity is the amount of fish a coral reef can sustain, the food available for the fish, the more there will be

Limiting factors are associated with carrying capacity. The Amount of limiting factors determine the area’s carrying capacity. For e.g. the limited amount of food and habiting space in the coral reef will determine how many fish or other species the reef can sustain

In ecosystem

Determining Population Size

Population

The quadrat sampling method is to determine the abundance or density of a population in an area without counting them all and the capture-mark-recapture method is for estimating animal population sizes that includes capturing, tagging, releasing and recapturing a sample of the animal.

the capture-mark-recapture method is the best method for this chosen ecosystem because marine animals move around too much to use the quadrat method

Acidification

Environmental changes

The case study is about the acidification of the ocean. The impacts of acidification affect the reproduction of fish as fish require a certain pH level to hatch, affecting plankton, which are one of the main producers in multiple food webs, to survive. These are short term effects.

Acidification on the ocean has long term and short effects, although this is a new issue and there is not enough research done to fully determine all the long term effects this will have on marine animals and life

In ecosystem

Ocean acidification causes higher water temperatures, this is causing the coral to stress out and get rid of the algae that it requires to live. This causes the algae to fade and look bleached. A bleached coral, although it isn't dead, is under stress and greater risk.

The impacts of acidification of the ocean have had a negative effect on our ecosystem. It has caused Coral to bleach which can have detrimental effects should the coral reefs die off. Coral are essential to the survival of numerous aquatic organisms. Shelter and safety from predators are provided by coral reefs to many prey animals. The species at the base of ocean food chains are also supported by them. Already vulnerable species may go extinct if reef ecosystems disintegrate due to acidification

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