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Temperate Rainforests

Meghan Lotti and Amanda Lyons

General Characteristics

  • Coniferous or broad leaf trees
  • Has seasonal variation: summer temperatures up to 80 degrees F and winter temperature down to below freezing: average 39 to 54
  • Over the year precipitation varies from 200 to 350 cm: can be rain or snow
  • Has all layers of vegetation, varying from high to low
  • Closed canopy of trees that covers about 70% of the sky
  • Supports lots of moss, ferns, and shrubs
  • Has a less complex ecology than Tropical Rainforest
  • Soil is nutrient rich
  • Animals live on or near the ground

Geographic Distrubution

  • Mostly occur in oceanic moist climates: Western North America, Southwestern South America, Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Australia, New Zealand
  • Can also occur in subtropical moist climates
  • Frequent cloud cover
  • Soil is very rich from decaying organic matter
  • Seasons vary between summer and winter, and temperatures vary dramatically
  • 200 - 350 cm of rainfall
  • Often near oceans, so altitude is close to ocean level

Distribution of Forests

Pacific Temperate Rainforest

  • On Western Side of Pacific Coast Ranges along Pacific Northwest Ranges from Alaska to Northern California
  • Alaska - Chugach Ranges
  • Saint Elias Mountain
  • Olympic Mountains
  • Coast Ranges
  • Transverse Ranges
  • Rocky Mountains
  • Cascade Range
  • Gulf of Alaska
  • Pacific Oceans
  • Colorado River

Flora

  • Redwood trees
  • Sitka spruces
  • Yellow spruces
  • Western red cedar
  • Western hemlock
  • Douglas fir
  • Pacific rhododendron
  • Brambles
  • Ferns
  • Lichen: algae and fungi

Fauna

Fauna

  • Pacific Giant Salamander, Olympic salamander
  • Red bat
  • Folding trap door spider
  • Marbled murrelet
  • Bald eagles, tufted puffins, many seabirds
  • Black bears
  • Largely reptiles and amphibians

Strategies

Strategies

  • Pacific Giant Salamanders grab on to anything with a hook on their prey,and refuse to let go of it
  • Folding Trapdoor spiders create burrows with thin silk hinged doors on top; they are also able to hide behind an open drop door to catch prey
  • Bald eagles have talons on their hind toes used for killing prey

Folding Trapdoor Spider

Life Histories

Life Histories

  • Red Bat
  • Mates in fall; gives brith in summer
  • Usually only one offspring
  • Have a hard time breeding because of different migrating times
  • Mature around a couple months old
  • Black Bear:
  • They hibernate
  • Give birth in mid winter: every two years
  • Typically 2 to 3 cubs
  • Mature after 2 years
  • Pacific Giant Salamander:
  • Mate in spring; eggs hatch 9 months later
  • They have aquatic reproduction
  • Usually 100 to 200 eggs
  • They stay under stones in a stream for breeding

Density-Depenedent and Density-Independent Factors

Density-Depenedent and Density-Independe...

  • Density-dependent factors include allelopathy and disease
  • Allelopathy is the ability of plants to affect the soil acidity and nutrient composition to gain advantage over other species
  • Density-independent factors include sunlight and human civilizations

Community Interactions

  • Mutualism - Butterflies pollinate flowering plants; Fungi and algae
  • Parasitism - Ticks live on the bodies on their hosts, and drink their blood; can often infect the host
  • Commensalism - Possum will den with woodchuck for warmth

Food Web

Food Web

Primary Productivity

Primary Productivity

  • It's the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs
  • The spending limit is determined by the extent of photosynthetic production
  • There's Gross Primary Production (total primary production of ecosystem) and Net Primary Production (Gross Primary Production minus the energy used by producers for respiration)

Consumers

  • Animals that consume primary producers
  • They are carnivores and omnivores
  • Help maintain balance in an ecosystem
  • Can consume in different ways such as predation, herbivory and biodegration

Secondary Productivity

  • It's the amount of chemical energy from food converted to new biomass during a certain time period
  • Tranfer of material between trophic levels drives production
  • All biomass created from heterotrophs is secondary production
  • Animals, protists, fungi and bacteria help with production

Decomposers

  • Mainly fungi and bacteria that break down an organic material
  • They are heterotrophic-use organic substrates for energy
  • Absorb nutrients by processes that break down matter

Nutrient Cycles

Nutrient Cycles

Water Cycle

Water Cycle

  • Water moves by evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and movements
  • Precipitation can be rain or snow
  • Different processes that circulate water throughout earth
  • Rainforests are important for transpiration as plants release water during photosynthesis

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Cycle

  • Water moves by evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and movements
  • Precipitation can be rain or snow
  • Different processes that circulate water throughout earth
  • Rainforests are important for transpiration as plants release water during photosynthesis

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

  • Nitrogen from atmosphere is converted to ammonium or nitrate for plants to uptake
  • Organic nitrogen is decomposed to ammonium by ammonification and ammonium is decomposed to nitrate by nitrification
  • Nitrogen within the soil allows the plant in the forest to grow

Phosphorous Cycle

  • Phosphorous is found mainly in rocks from the ocean
  • The rocks are largely sedimentary
  • Phosphorous binds with the soil particles and stay there
  • Plants use to grow, and other animals in the biome eat the plants obtaining the same nutrients
  • Needed for ATP and DNA and RNA

Specific Human Interactions

  • Deforestation
  • Intensive logging has left only 10% of the original forest remaining
  • Deforestation is an effect of farming, mining, and logging
  • Once trees are gone, farmers cultivate land and other industries begin to grow on it

Personal Biodiversity Issues

  • Logging has led to the coast redwood being on the verge of extinction
  • There are more than 200 introduced species in the Pacific Temperate biome itself; around 30 of them are considered invasive

Sources

Butler, Rhett. “Rainforests Help Maintain the Water Cycle.” Mongabay.com, 24 June 2004, kids.mongabay.com/elementary/404.html.

Chinwuba. “Temperate Deciduous Forest.” Limiting Factors, 1 Jan. 1970, apbiologysses.blogspot.com/2014/07/definition-are-conditions-within-biome.html.

“Climate:” Temperate Rainforest, w3.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/temprain.htm.

Heimbuch, Jaymi. “11 Facts about North America's Temperate Rainforests.” MNN - Mother Nature Network, Mother Nature Network, 7 Mar. 2018, www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/blogs/11-facts-about-north-americas-temperate-rain-forests.

“Pacific Temperate Rainforests.” WWF, clonewwf.wwf-dev.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/pacific_temperate_rainforests.cfm.

“Symbiosis.” Temperate Rainforest, trttemperaterainforest.weebly.com/symbiosis.html.

“Temperate Rain Forests.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/olym/learn/nature/temperate-rain-forests.htm.

Temperate Rain Forest Food Pyramid, www.world-builders.org/lessons/less/biomes/rainforest/temp_rain/temppy.html.

“Temperate Rainforest Plants of the Pacific NW.” Beautiful Pacific Northwest, www.beautifulpacificnorthwest.com/temperate-rainforest-plants.html.

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