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An introduction to GIS

A GIS helps people visualize and create information that can be used to make decisions and solve problems. Get an introduction to the basic components of a GIS. Learn fundamental concepts that underlie the use of a GIS with hands-on experience with maps and geographic data.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Next Gen. Technology Areas

As per a report published by Devex, USAID and DAI says that geospatial technology is one of the most preferred career choices amongst youngsters followed by Big Data, Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence.

Introduction to

GIS

31 %

26 %

46 %

location, location, location

Getting Started with GIS

GIS Fundamentals

Geographic information systems (GIS) are used by organizations all over the world to visualize real-world features, find patterns, analyze change, and turn raw data into actionable information that supports sound decisions. In this workshop we'll try to understand key concepts that underlie GIS technology and get started making GIS maps.

This course will provide foundational knowledge of a GIS and show how it can be used to acquire geographic knowledge. You will explore GIS maps and use tools to gather information that you can use for decision-making at work or in your daily life.

Learning Objectives

Objectives

After completing this course, you will be able to perform the following tasks:

  • Define GIS.
  • Differentiate between vector and raster data.
  • Navigate a GIS map.
  • Use tools to access feature information.
  • Create a location query and an attribute query.

To complete exercises, you need the following:

  • ArcGIS Desktop
  • ArcGIS Online

What is GIS?

What is GIS?

In its simplest definition, a GIS is a geographic information system. However, if you asked a room of 20 people what a GIS is, you may end up with 20 different definitions. Although each GIS has the same basic purpose, its functionality can vary greatly.

Definition

These systems analyze data, find patterns, and assess trends in order to answer questions

and make decisions.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/training.esri.com/courses/57630434851d31e02a43ef28-16463/Videos/content_437792_1/WhatIsGIS.mp4?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIIHVFYCSICNJA25Q&Expires=1547321232&Signature=wkc%2FIXF4%2Bd5MGJ8IrrPjyN32ZDc%3D

How a GIS works?

How it

Works?

Whether you search an address on the Internet or map fire truck routes, you can use a GIS to get the information you need.

GIS provides tools to find, use, create, and share geographic information with others. For example, you can locate addresses for each of your customers, share this information with your coworkers, and work together to build a customer profile.

The functionality and versatility of a GIS depends on the system itself. A GIS integrates hardware, software, data, people, and workflows into its comprehensive package.

Data

Data has spatial and attribute information to explain where something is and what something is.

Data

Software

Software is used to store, analyze and display geographic data.

Software

Hardware

Hardware

Data and software run off hardware, which can range from centralized computer servers to desktops to handheld devices. Geographic information can be created, shared, and used from each of these hardware devices.

People & Workflows

People use GIS software to perform GIS tasks on geographic data. People create and follow workflows to order GIS tasks and make their work more efficient.

People &

Workflows

What Can you do?

What Can you do?

As previously discussed, a GIS uses geographic information to help users answer questions and make decisions. One of the most common GIS formats is a map. Shown here are real-world examples of GIS maps that have been formatted to analyze trends, find relationships, and assist with future decisions.

Map Location

Map Location

This map illustrates the location of countries, rivers, and cities within the continent of Africa. Locational maps can be used to determine where things are situated in relation to each other and are often used with navigation.

Map Quantities

Map Quantities

This map illustrates the percentage of women located in United States counties. Quantitative maps are often used to find trends; for example, there is a higher percentage of women living in the eastern states shown on the map.

Maps Whats inside?

Map

Whats inside

This map illustrates school locations in relation to crime areas. Mapping what is inside can assist with monitoring and assessment. According to this map, schools located in Miami may be more at risk because Miami has the highest number of crime reports.

Map Densities

Map

densities

This map illustrates a higher population density in the southeast portion of Canada. Density maps can be used to condense large amounts of data analyzed for correlations and trends. Further analysis could be completed to determine if the denser population is related to the proximity of the border or the proximity of water bodies.

Map Whats nearby?

Whats

nearby

This map illustrates the proximity of JMill retail stores to county spending potential. Mapping what is nearby is often used in risk assessment and predictions. JMill predicts higher revenue in the Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island stores because they are located within 20 miles of a higher potential spending index.

Map Change

Map Change

This map illustrates population change over the past 10 years. The largest population changes occurred in the western and southeastern states. This can be used to assess future trends in urban sprawl and market demands.

Discover, use, make, share

What else?

After analyzing a map, you may want to share it with a colleague or organization. A extended functionality provides various options to find, use, create, and share geographic information.

Discover

Discover

Discover maps, apps, layers, and other content from colleagues within your organization, and authoritative content using GIS.

Use

Use

Use this content to find patterns, gain insight, and conduct analysis.

Make

Make

If you do not find the content you are looking for, you can make a map or app using existing layers.

Share

Share

Share your map or app with colleagues, your organization, or (depending on your privileges) the whole world. You can use web maps and apps on browsers and mobile devices, making content available anywhere, anytime, and on any device.

Online GIS

Online GIS

Each GIS has different functionality. Which functionality you use depends on the question you are trying to answer or the problem you are trying to solve. In this demonstration, you will look at ArcGIS Online, which is a GIS that can be accessed over the Internet. The presenter will work with some of its functionality to add shared geographic information to map locations and answer questions regarding trip logistics.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/training.esri.com/courses/57630434851d31e02a43ef28-16463/Videos/content_437796_1/OnlineGIS_July_2017.mp4?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIIHVFYCSICNJA25Q&Expires=1547323198&Signature=mNXOBpAyWA9ZLZ1UNyubpJqerMM%3D

What is GIS data?

Trees, buildings, streets, and lakes are examples of real-world objects. When using a GIS, these objects are referred to as features. How would you represent these features in a map? What about something that is harder to visualize, such as rainfall? This video will introduce you to the two different ways of representing features and phenomena in a GIS.

What is GIS data?

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/training.esri.com/courses/57630434851d31e02a43ef28-16463/Videos/content_437807_1/WhatISGISDataFinal2.mp4?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIIHVFYCSICNJA25Q&Expires=1547323527&Signature=qAylGeaGTS0rBB0IrdZ%2FDfXmwmI%3D

Vector

Vector data is used to define objects with distinct boundaries, such as roads, parks, and land parcels. To accurately represent these objects, a GIS provides different geometries to use depending on the object you are trying to represent. The three geometries are points, polylines, and polygons.

Vector

Vector data uses geographic coordinates to determine where features are located. It uses attribute information to determine what something is.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/training.esri.com/courses/57630434851d31e02a43ef28-16463/Videos/content_437809_1/VectorInfoFinal1_AS.mp4?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIIHVFYCSICNJA25Q&Expires=1547323923&Signature=K%2BPefT3xPV9OQB%2BUJDLn3%2Bb%2Fi9Q%3D

Point

Point

Points are a single XY coordinate location. This image illustrates the points used to represent trees. Each point has a longitude and latitude location (also referred to as geographic coordinates) that defines the precise location of the feature on the earth. This image provides an example of the geographic coordinates for one of the tree points.

Polylines

Polylines

Polylines are defined by two or more locations that are connected with lines. This image illustrates the polyline used to represent the river. Each location has a longitude and latitude (also referred to as geographic coordinates) that defines the precise location of the river on the earth. This image provides an example of the geographic coordinates for one of the polyline locations.

Polygons

Polygons

Polygons are defined using multiple locations that are connected and closed. This image illustrates a polygon used to represent the lake. Each location has a longitude and latitude (also referred to as geographic coordinates) that defines the precise location of the lake on the earth. This image provides an example of the geographic coordinates for one of the polygon locations.

Raster

Not every object or phenomena has distinct boundaries. Precipitation, heat from a forest fire, and imagery are all examples of features and phenomena with a continuous surface, without a defined outline. A continuous surface describes a surface where every location has a value, and every value could be unique (for example, elevation). A GIS represents this information using a raster data model.

Raster

A raster is made up of equal-sized cells arranged in rows and columns.

Data Storage

You can store raster and vector data using different data types.

Vector data types can be stored in a folder or in a geodatabase as a geodatabase feature class. Raster data types can be stored in a folder as a raster dataset or in a geodatabase as a mosaic dataset.

Data Storage

Metadata

Sometimes, you may not have enough information about your data. In this case, you can review the feature's metadata.

Metadata provides additional information about a feature and its attributes, such as a description of the data, who created the data, and its usage constraints.

Metadata

Navigating a GIS map

Navigating a GIS map

You have created a GIS map, added data, and would like to begin analyzing the map to make decisions in the workplace. But what is the next step? How will you work with a GIS to analyze the map? This video will introduce common tools you can use to navigate a GIS map and answer questions based on visual analysis.

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/training.esri.com/courses/57630434851d31e02a43ef28-16463/Videos/content_437823_1/NavigateAGISDraft3.mp4?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIIHVFYCSICNJA25Q&Expires=1547324661&Signature=QajxHx7oNw8iEoQ%2FDwyEBL65NjE%3D

Layers

Layers

GIS maps are organized by layers. A map layer references GIS data that represents real-world features. The layer uses symbols to represent the collection of features. These features have the same theme, geometry, and set of attributes.

Layers can be turned on and off and reordered. Moving the layers changes the order that they draw on the map. Layers can also be represented with multiple symbols based on their attributes. For example, the following population polygons are represented with different symbols depending on the population percentage.

Scale

Scale

Navigating the layers in a GIS map will change the map scale. Scale is the relationship between the size of a feature on a map and the actual size of that feature in the real world.

Scale can be expressed as a ratio, such as 1:24,000. A 1:24,000 scale means that a feature on the map is 24,000 times smaller than its corresponding feature in the real world. Scale can also be expressed as an equivalence, such as 1 inch = 5 miles.

A GIS scale is dynamic, which means that it changes each time you zoom in and out of the map.

Practical

Practical

Ex : Use a GIS

Use a GIS

Imagine that you are an epidemiologist studying thousands of insect-borne diseases. You have been informed that an epidemic of moscitotitis has been reported in a few of the countries in South America. You will review a map to determine which countries are most susceptible to the spread.

A GIS analyst has created and shared a file with geographic information locating the sites where moscitotitis has spread. You will access the shared data in a GIS to answer this question: What countries are next to the countries infected with moscitotitis?

Ex : Locate suitable data

Locate suitable data

One of the city's engineers must complete some fieldwork for a construction project in Riverside, California. As the data manager, you have been assigned the following task: create a map document of Riverside sewer lines, overlaying an aerial photograph.

You will review the city's data repository to find the geographic information you need for this map document.

Ex: Move around a map

Move around a map

Imagine you are an economist studying potential resource challenges in light of predicted population changes.

The first step of your study is to identify countries with the greatest projected population increase and countries with a projected population decrease. These countries will be at the highest risk of resource depletion.

Ex: Move around a map layout

You have identified African countries with the greatest projected population increase, and countries with a population decrease. The next step in your economic analysis is to create a map that identifies these countries to share with the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food.

Move around a map layout

Ex: Query maps

Query maps

The Land Trust of Eastern Australia (LTEA) is applying for funding from the International Orchid Preservation Society.

As the property manager of LTEA, you have been assigned the following tasks:

  • Determine which LTEA sites contain threatened orchid species, required for funding.
  • Create a map illustrating sites that contain the threatened orchid species.

Info Tool & Attributes

Info Tool

Attribute Query

In the first example (on the left), the field is Type, the operator is =, and the value is Apartment. In the second example (on the right), the field is Price, the operator is >, and the value is 1500.

Attribute Query

There are three basic components used to create an attribute query:

  • Attribute field
  • Operator (=, >, <, >=, And, Or)
  • Attribute value

Location Query

Location Query

Features can also be queried based on their spatial location in relationship to other features. There are three basic components used to create a location query:

  • Layer containing features you want to select
  • Location relationship
  • Layer containing the related features

Intersect

The blue polygons in this graphic indicate school districts that are intersected by the Polk County boundary, which is outlined in red.

Intersect

Near

This graphic illustrates streets within a one-mile radius of the fire station in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Near

Adjacent

This graphic illustrates countries adjacent to Iraq's border, which are indicated in green.

Adjacent

Inside

This graphic illustrates cities located inside of Paraguay, which are indicated with yellow points.

Inside

Basics of JavaScript Web Apps

Web GIS

Create web mapping apps to display geographic information. This part explores how to make basic web apps using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It also introduces how to build a web map app using the ArcGIS API for JavaScript

Introduction

Imagine that you have been asked to update your organization's web pages. The web pages that you must update were built using a combination of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), cascading style sheets (CSS), and JavaScript. You have never coded a web page let alone even know what the acronym HTML stands for. The question of how to start the task begins to overwhelm you. This section is designed to help you understand the basics of HTML, learn how to apply CSS to a web page, and get you started coding JavaScript.

Introduction

Goals

Goals

  • Understand the organization, components, and structure of a web page that uses HTML, CSS, JavaScript. and Dojo.
  • Interpret the basic coding patterns seen in a JavaScript application.
  • Interpret the basic coding patterns seen in a JavaScript application.

Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, you will be able to perform the following tasks:

  • Differentiate between HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
  • Given code, alter the position and style of components within a web map app.

Web Pages

Understanding Web Pages

Every web page that you create will include HTML and CSS and, most likely, scripting using a scripting language of your choice. Using HTML, you choose the content that you want your web page to display as well as how you want your content structured. CSS allows you to style the page by locating elements, applying colors, and assigning font attributes to text in the page.

Client-side Vs Server-side

Client Vs Server

HTML

HTML consists of a set of markup codes that are placed in a web page for display in a browser. Markup codes identify the structural objects that make up a web page, such as paragraphs, headings, graphics, and lists. When you open a web page in a browser, the markup code in the page is interpreted and rendered in the browser. Each individual markup code is referred to as an element or a tag.

HTML

The HTML element tells the browser to interpret the document as HTML. The opening HTML tag is located at the beginning of the document, and the closing HTML tag is placed after all other HTML elements.

Head Element

The HEAD element contains other elements that describe the document and refer to scripts and styles. The HEAD element is placed within the HTML element before the BODY element.

Head

Body Element

Body

The BODY element contains all text, graphics, and content to be displayed on a web page in a browser. When creating a web page, you will spend most of your time placing content within the opening and closing BODY tags.

Styling a web page with CSS

CSS styles are composed of rules that describe the appearance of an HTML element.

CSS

CSS style rules contain a selector defining the name of the style or which HTML element it is applied to, a declaration property to style, and the value to style it to.

CSS Example 1

Example

1

CSS Example 2

Example

2

Understanding CSS

Understanding CSS

CSS is a descriptive language used for styling elements of a web page. The appearance and layout of elements contained in a web page are declared by assigning a CSS style to an element or a tag.

Using CSS modularizes your web page by separating the structural objects in HTML from the styling or design settings. Creating a web page using CSS makes the web page easier to maintain, provides options for visually formatting a web page, and enforces design consistency for an entire website.

External CSS

External CSS

External CSS files provide the greatest level of flexibility by completely separating the styling properties from the structural elements of a web page. Multiple web pages can reference a single CSS file, ensuring that a styling standard is consistent for an entire web app. Just like embedded styles, individual external styles can be referenced by using the generic HTML element type or by ID.

Embedded CSS

Embedded

CSS

Embedded styles are applied to an entire document and are located within the style element located in the head section of a web page. Embedding styles in the head section provides you with the flexibility to make the code more readable by coding on multiple lines. Embedded styles can be referenced by using the generic HTML element type, class, or ID.

Inline CSS

Inline

CSS

Inline styles are set as a declaration for an HTML element in the style attribute. If you are setting more than one property, use a semicolon (;) to separate each of the properties. Inline styles should be used sparingly because the style is available only for the element it is assigned to. Modifications are difficult because you must locate a single element in a web page or web app.

Hierarchical rule

Hierarchical rule

Styles implemented in a web page follow a cascading hierarchical rule where declarations set inline in an HTML element are always given precedence over embedded and external style declarations. For example, if a web page element references an external style sheet but the element has an assigned inline style, the inline style is rendered.

Build a web page

In this activity, you will practice creating your first web page using HTML elements and CSS declarations. Using the following web page requirements

Your supervisor has assigned you to complete the following HTML and CSS code to style the web page properly. After inspecting the code, you will need to set the background color for the BODY element or tag to linen. Two other declarations must be applied to the web page's body to finish styling the web page. Include a width declaration that sets the web page's body width to 750 pixels. The body also must support relative positioning that provides a new positioning context based on the width and size of the browser.

Building a Web page

IDE : Integrated Development Environment

IDE

You can edit web pages by using a text editor designed specifically for coding web pages or you can simply open the file in your system's default text editor.

Text editors provide coding aids like code insight or debugging to assist you with writing error-free code. You may find that using a text editor designed for web editing is a great resource for both learning coding and reducing frustrating errors.

Dynamic Web Pages

Dynamic Web Pages

You now know the basics for creating a web page. The previous topic discussed adding content to a web page and applying styling to the HTML elements. However, a web page initially does not do much except display static information.

You will now learn about using JavaScript to make a web page more interactive. This topic will introduce you to the basics of JavaScript scripting as well as how to get started writing JavaScript code. You will also learn about the ArcGIS API for JavaScript and how to implement a basic web mapping app using it.

Using JavaScript in your web page makes the experience more dynamic. Functionality allows the page to act more like an application instead of a page that only displays information.

JavaScript

JavaScript

Scripting languages primarily run inside web browsers to make web pages dynamic and interactive. There are many scripting languages available that are supported in multiple web browsers. When you create a web page that contains JavaScript, remember that JavaScript behaves differently in different web browsers. Incompatibility differences may exist based on which JavaScript capabilities are supported in each browser.

Although JavaScript has a syntax style that is similar to Java or C#, it is important to understand that JavaScript is not Java. JavaScript is a simple scripting language that professional and non-professional programmers alike use to create feature-rich web applications.

DOM

DOM

The Document Object Model (DOM) allows you to write code to access and update the content of a web page. HTML elements or tags and their associated attributes previously discussed are available in the DOM as objects. You can access these objects in the DOM using CSS or scripting languages.

Script Tag

Script

The script tag is an HTML tag that defines client-side scripting in the browser. For the purposes of this course, the script tag is where the JavaScript will be implemented.

Events

Events

Events are actions that interact with the HTML elements of a web page. Event actions are triggered by user interaction with a web page's component or internally within the web page's code. When an event is triggered, the event will call some specific JavaScript contained in the script tag to perform an action within the web page.

Functions

Functions

A JavaScript function contains any number of statements organized together within curly brackets to perform a task. When coding JavaScript, you create a function containing statements that eventually are executed when the function is called. Any function created in the web page or referenced from an external JavaScript file can be called from JavaScript code from within the web page.

Variables & Div

Variables & Div

Variables store values of different data types to be used by code contained within the function. A variable can be used multiple times within the function it is created in. If a variable is created outside of a function, the variable is used globally by multiple functions contained within the web page's script tag.

The DIV element is a container for elements that make up a web page. HTML elements and content can be displayed, grouped, and organized using the DIV element. Because the DIV element contains content to display in a web page, it is placed within the HTML element or tag.

JavaScript Pop-up Boxes

Popup Boxes

Write JavaScript code

Write your JS Code

In this activity, you will practice writing your first JavaScript code using basic JavaScript functionality. Using the following instructions, construct your JavaScript by dragging the listed code items to their correct position in the unfinished web page.

Your supervisor has assigned you to complete the following JavaScript code to make it work properly. After an initial inspection of the code, you must create a function named myMessage. The myMessage function should be called directly from an onClick event when someone browsing your page clicks the Press Me button. Within the myMessage function, a variable named message is created with a value of My first JavaScript. After the variable is created, display the message variable in the document's demo div element.

ArcGIS API for JavaScript

ArcGIS API

An application program interface (API) is set of objects and tools used for building applications. APIs exist for building desktop, mobile, and web-based applications. The ArcGIS API for JavaScript is a web API that allows you to script applications that are accessible over the web. Numerous APIs are available for building applications, and you can use multiple APIs to build a single web app. Using the ArcGIS API for JavaScript, you can implement GIS and mapping interaction-related functions by writing just a few lines of JavaScript code.

How it works?

The ArcGIS API for JavaScript communicates directly with individual services published to ArcGIS for Server or services hosted in Portal for ArcGIS or ArcGIS Online. The ArcGIS API for JavaScript is built on top of the Dojo Toolkit. The toolkit provides widgets, CSS styles, and JavaScript functions for building robust interactive web apps.

How?

Widgets are software components designed for a functional purpose used in web pages. For example, the ArcGIS API for JavaScript provides a Legend widget that generates and displays a legend for explaining the symbology of a map.

Implementing the ArcGIS API for JavaScript

Custom web apps are easy to create using the ArcGIS API for JavaScript. Styles, objects, and widgets are included in the API, allowing you to customize appearance, code custom functionality, and include existing functionality in your web app.

Implementing

https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript

Open-Source Software

Open-source software is a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

Open-Source Web GIS

Leaflet

Leaflet is the leading open-source JavaScript library for mobile-friendly interactive maps. Weighing just about 38 KB of JS, it has all the mapping features most developers ever need.

Leaflet is designed with simplicity, performance and usability in mind. It works efficiently across all major desktop and mobile platforms, can be extended with lots of plugins, has a beautiful, easy to use and well-documented API and a simple, readable source code that is a joy to contribute to.

Add a map

Add a map

Draw a Pin

Draw a pin

Demo Page

Demo Page

MapGuide

MapGuide Open Source is a web-based platform that enables users to develop and deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services. MapGuide features an interactive viewer that includes support for feature selection, property inspection, map tips, and operations such as buffer, select within, and measure.

MapGuide Open Source

Africa

Middle East

Asia Pacific

Asia

Australia

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