Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

FLUENCY DISORDER

STUTTERING

Fluency...

What is Fluency Disorder?

Fluency is defined as the flow of speech. People with fluency disorder may stutter, stammer, or pause in odd places (Morin).

The most common fluency disorder is stuttering. Stuttering is characterized as an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by repetitions (sounds, syllables, words, phrases), sound prolongations, blocks, interjections, and revisions which can affect the rate and rhythm of speech (Childhood fluency disorders: Overview).

IDEA...

Most students with this disability receive special education services under the classification of: Speech or language impairment.

This classificaiton covers a multitude of communication problems such as stuttering, impaired articulation, or voice impairment (Lee).

How Common?

  • About 5% of people stutter at some point in life.
  • 8.5% of kids stutter by age 3, and this increases to 11% by age 4.
  • Boys are two times more likely to stutter than girls.
  • For all age groups, about 0.72% of people stutter.
  • The percentage of childen is much higher: 0.9-5.6%.
  • According to the CDC, 1.6% of kids age 3-17 stutter.

(Childhood fluency disorders: Incidence and prevalence)

Here is a short clip made by some kids who are affected by stuttering!

Here is a short clip made by some kids who are affected ...

Causes..

The exact cause of stuttering is unknown. It is thought that it may be genetic. Stuttering may happen along with another speech disorder. It has also been found that the symptoms can worsen when the person is stressed or anxious, but these emotions do not cause the fluency disorder! (Fraser)

Genetics and neurophysiological factors may also contribute to fluency disorder. Environmental factors can influence a child's stuttering, but do not cause it (Childhood fluency diorders: Causes).

Genetics...

Multiple studies link genes to fluency disorder, but no absolute findings about which genes may contribute have been found (Childhood fluency disorders: Causes).

Genetics...

Neurophysiological Factors

Neurophysiological Factors

Some neurophysiological factors that are thought to contribute to stuttering are:

  • gray and white matter differences
  • neural network connectivity differences
  • atypical lateralization of hemispheric functions
  • white matter connections

(Childhood fluency disorders: Causes)

More causes..

Common signs of fluency disorder include...

Common Characteristics

  • People may repeat sounds, syllables or whole words.
  • They might have prolongations of single sounds.
  • Blocks of airflow or voicing are also common.
  • People may have interjections of sounds.
  • You may notice a loss of eye contact.
  • People may have a lot of word revisions or complete changes in words.

(Fluency disorders 2018)

Some other signs include...

More Characteristics

  • Some people may experience associated physical tension or struggle.
  • You may notice some secondary behaviors such as blinking, grimacing or changes in pitch and/or volume.
  • People may experience a negative reaction or frustration.
  • People may exhibit avoidance behaviors such as talking less.

(Characteristic of typical disfluency and stuttering)

Signs for concern

Some classroom modifications include...

Educational Implications

  • Allowing longer oral response time.
  • The teacher may modify assignments that require the student to give oral presentations.
  • The teacher may reduce the amount of pressure on the student to communicate in the classroom.
  • The teacher should avoid telling the student to "slow down" during group discussions.
  • The teacher should discuss fluency concerns with a speech-language pathologist.
  • The teacher may reinforce instances of "easy speech" in the classroom.

(Regular classroom speech-language

modifications)

Example of Speech Therapy

Electronic Fluency Devices - intended to help the fluency of people who stutter!

Assisstive Technology

  • Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF)

--> These devices play the user's voice back delayed by a fraction of a second.

  • Frequency Altered Feedback (FAF)

--> Similar to DAF, but changes the pitch at which the user hears their own voice.

(Speech disorders: Common assisstive technologies)

These work by creating an echo or playing some

sort of noise which are both known to reduce stuttering!

(Electronic devices, software

and apps)

Example of an electronic fluency device.

Here is a news segment from when electronic fluency devices were just coming out.

News clip

For more information...

Additional Resources

  • About how the teacher can help, visit...

LaBlance, G., Steckol, K., & Smith, V. (1994). Stuttering: The role of the classroom teacher. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from https://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/InfoPWDS/lablance.html

  • About treatment, visit...

Blomgren, M. (2013). Behavioral treatments for children and adults who stutter: a review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 6, 9–19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682852/

For more infomation...

More info

  • About causes, visit...

Stuttering. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2018, from Mayo Clinic website:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stuttering/symptoms-causes/syc-20353572

  • About assisstive technology, vist...

Apps and electronic devices. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2018, from The British stammering association website: https://www.stammering.org/help-information/topics/therapy-treatment/electronic-devices-and-apps

For more information...

  • About speech therapy, visit...

Scott, L. (n.d.). Why go to speech therapy? Retrieved January 26, 2018, from The Stuttering Foundation website: https://www.stutteringhelp.org/why-go-speech-therapy

More information

References

  • Characteristics of typical disfluency and stuttering. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2018, from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website: http://www.asha.org/Practice-PortalClinicalTopics/Childhood-FluencyDisorders/Characteristics-of-Typical-Disfluency-and-Stuttering/
  • Childhood fluency disorders: Causes. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2018, from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website:

http://www.asha.orgPRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589935336§ion=Causes

  • Childhood fluency disorders: Incidence and prevalence. (n.d.). Retrieved January 24, 2018, from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website: https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589935336§ion=Incidence_and_Prevalence

  • Childhood fluency disorders: Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved January 24, 2018, from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website: http://www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Childhood-Fluency-Disorders/
  • Electronic devices, software and apps. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2018, from The Stuttering Foundation website: https://www.stutteringhelp.org/electronic-devices-software-and-apps
  • Fluency disorders. (2018). Retrieved January 24, 2018, from Northern Arizona University website: https://www.nau.edu/CHHS/CSD/Clinic/Fluency-Disorders/
  • Childhood fluency disorders: Overvi...
  • Fraser, M., & Kacker, A. (Eds.). (n.d.). Fluency disorder. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from University of Rochester Medical Center website: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=134&contentid=237
  • Lee, A. M.I. (n.d.). The 13 conditions covered under IDEA. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from Understood website: https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/special-services/special-education-basics/conditions-covered-under-idea
  • Morin, A. (n.d.). The difference between speech-language disorders and attention issues. Retrieved January 24, 2018, from Understood website: https://www.understood.org/en/learning-attention-issues/getting-started/what-you-need-to-know/the-difference-between-speech-language-disorders-and-attention-issues
  • Fraser, M., & Kacker, A. (Eds.). (n.d.). Fluency disord...
  • Regular classroom speech-language modifications. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2018, from Tulsa Schools website: https://www.tulsaschools.org/1_Administration/03_STAFF_MEMBERS/_DEPARTMENTS/special_education_student_services/_documents/pdf/_speech_documents/Regular%20Classroom%20Speech%20modifications.pdf
  • Speech disorders: Common assistive technologies. (2017, November 27). Retrieved January 25, 2018, from Illinois University Library website: http://guides.library.illinois.edu/c.php?g=613892&p=4265891
  • Regular classroom speech-langua...
Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi