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Fluency is defined as the flow of speech. People with fluency disorder may stutter, stammer, or pause in odd places (Morin).
The most common fluency disorder is stuttering. Stuttering is characterized as an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by repetitions (sounds, syllables, words, phrases), sound prolongations, blocks, interjections, and revisions which can affect the rate and rhythm of speech (Childhood fluency disorders: Overview).
Most students with this disability receive special education services under the classification of: Speech or language impairment.
This classificaiton covers a multitude of communication problems such as stuttering, impaired articulation, or voice impairment (Lee).
The exact cause of stuttering is unknown. It is thought that it may be genetic. Stuttering may happen along with another speech disorder. It has also been found that the symptoms can worsen when the person is stressed or anxious, but these emotions do not cause the fluency disorder! (Fraser)
Genetics and neurophysiological factors may also contribute to fluency disorder. Environmental factors can influence a child's stuttering, but do not cause it (Childhood fluency diorders: Causes).
Multiple studies link genes to fluency disorder, but no absolute findings about which genes may contribute have been found (Childhood fluency disorders: Causes).
Some neurophysiological factors that are thought to contribute to stuttering are:
(Childhood fluency disorders: Causes)
(Fluency disorders 2018)
(Characteristic of typical disfluency and stuttering)
(Regular classroom speech-language
modifications)
--> These devices play the user's voice back delayed by a fraction of a second.
--> Similar to DAF, but changes the pitch at which the user hears their own voice.
(Speech disorders: Common assisstive technologies)
These work by creating an echo or playing some
sort of noise which are both known to reduce stuttering!
(Electronic devices, software
and apps)
Example of an electronic fluency device.
LaBlance, G., Steckol, K., & Smith, V. (1994). Stuttering: The role of the classroom teacher. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from https://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/InfoPWDS/lablance.html
Blomgren, M. (2013). Behavioral treatments for children and adults who stutter: a review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 6, 9–19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682852/
Stuttering. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2018, from Mayo Clinic website:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stuttering/symptoms-causes/syc-20353572
Apps and electronic devices. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2018, from The British stammering association website: https://www.stammering.org/help-information/topics/therapy-treatment/electronic-devices-and-apps
Scott, L. (n.d.). Why go to speech therapy? Retrieved January 26, 2018, from The Stuttering Foundation website: https://www.stutteringhelp.org/why-go-speech-therapy
http://www.asha.orgPRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589935336§ion=Causes