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How can the work of Saramago be understood, having prior knowledge of the myth proposed by Plato in the seventh book of the Republic?
OBJECTIVES
General objective
Understand how Saramago uses the myth proposed by Plato in the seventh book of the Republic which shows in a figurative sense how life chains us looking towards the wall of a cave since we are born and how the shadows that we see reflected on the Wall compose our reality in his book The Cave where he interprets it in a modern society
Specific objective
1. Identify the myth of the cavern proposed by Plato and how he uses symbols to refer to the arrival of knowledge to the ignorant human
2. Interpret the book by Jose Saramago The Cave taking into account the myth proposed by Plato to understand it in a real context in a contemporary society
Philosopher and mathematician of Ancient Greece,
mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.
solid foundations on which to base justice, beyond the passions that inhabit man.
Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy are the sciences that antecedents to learning about rational thought.
Philosopher trying to educate but people are comfortable in their ignorance, hostile to anyone who points it out
Plato with this myth distinguishes 3 dimensions: the anthropological, ontological and epistemological, moral and political.
an animal of habits.
Humanity has evolved thanks to those nonconformist humiliated by their ideas .
He died at age 87 caused by chronic leukemia.
In 1944 Tierra de pecado, but did not succeed.
Diário de Notícias, Seara Nova, Portuguese Association of Writers
living conditions of the workers of Lavre, in the province of Alentejo.
living conditions of the people in the medieval world
Iberian peninsula was detached from the European continent.
v Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (France).
v Mondello International Literary Award (Palermo, Italy), 1992 (Essay on blindness).
v Nobel Prize for Literature (October 8, 1998).
Cipriano imagines them wondering why they were ever made.
Tied to a bench with a rope around their neck and around their feet.
Real-life inspiration for the Allegory of the Cave from Plato's
The Shopping Center offers is nothing more than a consistent shadow of human reality .
" How could he have let me lock up for three weeks without seeing the sun and the stars? "
Tied with hands and feet, immobile as corpses Saramago presents human petrifaction.
Cipriano Algor, falls, as the prisoners that manages to free himself.
Reality lies buried beneath a welter of virtual experience: we can no longer even tell the weather.
"Western civilization has never been as close to living in Plato's cave as we are now ... We do not longer simply live through images: we live through images that do not even exist."
Found, the lost dog provides a profound contact with the natural world – loyalty and love .
the Algor family takes the revelation but the pottery is defunct and the dominion of the Center keeps growing.
Human affection that enables Cipriano’s family to resist the Center’s dehumanization.
Marta and Marcial remark, “People are so complicated, that’s true, but if we were simple we wouldn’t be people.”
ignorance the belief that any knowledge is valid..
knowledge through the senses is false, changeable, imperfect and deceptive.
So, how should we obtain true knowledge?
that is infallible and that is about the real.
As for infallibility, knowledge must always be true, no matter the conditions to which it is subjected.
what is real? Define that what is real is what we can not doubt it is.
The objects can not guarantee that it is always the same object.
The dialectic. works through the confrontation of opinions,which, will bring us closer to real knowledge: the pure idea.
opinion (doxa): reflections of sensitive images.
knowledge (episteme): knowledge we come by means of the senses, but are not pure forms either.
mathematics. are intelligible, but not, unrepeatable.
geometric and arithmetical forms are obtained from operations. Therefore they are composite forms.
Through these composite forms, we reach the level of pure forms and simpler ideas
Albert Einstein states: "We are all very ignorant. But we do not all ignore the same things. "
So why do we keep calling people "ignorant", if we are too?
everyone has the right to ignore what they want
PLATO'S THEORY OF WORLDS
The Intelligible World (Ideas); perfect world, immutable, and, therefore, knowable.
The Sensible World: material objects; its dynamism is completely unknowable.
the shadows that the prisoners believe to be reality are the sensitive objects.
The prisoners are us
the new reality discovered through the sunlight is the intelligible reality, true reality.
Finally, the prisoner who manages to escape is the soul of the philosopher.
SENSIBLE WORLD
The imagination
forming new ideas of external objects not present to the senses.
such as poetry or painting.
The beliefe
he carpenter knows more about the table than the painter in a canvas because this is mere appearance , while the Carpenter has to make a "real" table.
INTANGIBLE WORLD
Discursive knowledge (dianoia)
arithmetic or geometry. Both begin with a hypothesis or presuppositions and you need sensitive symbols.
Pure knowledge or intelligence
able to cancel the purely hypothetical principles giving reasons and justifying them rationally. The dialectic has to go back to a non-hypothetical principle from which it can deduce everything else as a consequence.
the contemporary world of ignorance
ignorant people in this ignorant world.
ISYMBOLS FROM THE MYTH APPLIED
limitation of our thinking
the world of sensory perception which Plato considers an illusion.
difficulty to deny the material world and the acceptance of ignorance after knowing reality.
REAL LIFE EXAMPLE OF THE MYTH
The media try to make us live in a world of shadows created by them and hide from us true reality.
humanity must free itself, using reason and real communication among all and not based on the senses or sensations, in order to overcome those who manage the media and escape their manipulation.
To better research my monograph topic, I conducted an interview to a specialized person on the topic.
The interviewee was Claudia Herrera. Undergraduate / University Javeriana Degree in Philosophy and Literature
v The human being has become an animal of tradition, without reasoning why this tradition. We become slaves of our culture and history.
v in society, the philosophical thought is not valued and great thinkers are not recognized, therefore, we will probably never achieve what Platon wanted to show us
v Saramago, Saramago uses metaphors and symbologies to express the same thing that Plato wanted to express in his myth but in a common situation we can relate to
v Saramago makes us as human beings reflect, where are we going? Are we the corpses that Cipriano finds? It is up to each person to answer these questions based on where they consider our society is taking us
v The imperfect world is the sensible world, which is constantly changing, what remains is the idea of the objects.
the intelligible world is the world of those perfect ideas that always remain the same, we as humans give more importance to the sensible world, to everything superficial, which leads us to be ignorant
v The human being is an ignorant being, we will never be able to reach absolute knowledge, we are able to try and when we do we will find ourselves further away from ignorance because to try is to acquire as much knowledge as possible, but we will remain ignorant
Aristotle (1994), Metaphysics, Madrid, Gredos [Trad. Tomás Calvo Martínez].
Melling, David J. (1991), Introduction to Plato, Madrid, Alianza Editorial [Trad.
Nuño, Juan A. (1988), The Thought of Plato, Mexico, FCE.
Plato, Dialogues, Madrid, Gredos, 9 T.
Wahl, Jean (1990), "Plato", in Brice Parain [dir.], History of Philosophy, T. 2, The
Greek Philosophy, Mexico, Siglo XXI Editores, pp. 51-173.
Biography José Saramago. Recovered from: http://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/1696/Jose%20Saramago
Bradbury. Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballantine Publishing Group. 1953.
2600. The Hacker Quarterly. ACLU Challenges Censorware. DMCA. 28 Sept. 2002
hypertext transfer protocol: //www. 2600. com/news/display. shtml? id=1274
Saramago, J, 1998, La Caverna, Portugal.
Plato, The Republic, introduction by Manuel Fernández-Galiano, trans. by José Manuel Pabón and Manuel Fernández-Galiano, 9th reimp., Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2011, p. 405. [Links] See note 1 of book VII.
Plato, "The Republic", in Plato, Diálogos, Madrid, Gredos, 2011, p. 222, 514a [Links]
Ibid., Pp. 242-243, 533d. For the arts he has described he refers to arithmetic, flat geometry, solid geometry, astronomy and harmony. See Conrado Eggers Lan, El Sol, la línea y la caverna, Buenos Aires, Ediciones Colihue, 2000, p. 43-60. [Links]
Raymundo Salas Morales, "The myth: threshold of knowledge", in The myth of the cave. Truth and society, Raúl Ruvalcaba Rodríguez (coord.), Mexico, UNAM, 2007, p. 3. 4.