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Light, L. L., & Zelinski, E. M. (1983). Memory for spatial information in young and old adults. Developmental Psychology, 19(6), 901-906. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.6.901
"This study evaluates the claim that memory for spatial information is automatic. Young and older adults studied a map containing 12 structures. Half of the people in each age group were asked to remember both the structures and their locations (intentional learning), and the remaining half were led to believe they would be tested only on the structures (incidental learning). Both age and test expectations affected memory for the locations of structures, with older people and people in the incidental groups performing more poorly. It was concluded that memory for spatial location is not automatic."
Compared intentional and incidental learning of spatial information to test whether memory for spatial information is automatic
Light, & Zelinski (1983)
46 young adults (17 males, 29 females) with a mean age of 24.39 years (range = 18-35) and 49 older adults (13 males, 36 females) with a mean age of 65.53 (range = 51-80)
Participants received a four-page booklet containing (a) a practice map with instructions, (b) a test on the practice map, (c) the main map (21 cm X 15 cm in size) to be studied, and (d) the test on this map.
2019