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TYPES OF BILINGUALISM
2
TYPES OF BILINGUALISM
LEARNING IN THE SAME CONTEXT
Learning in the same context
Bilingualism can further be classified based on whether two languages are learned at the same or different environments. We divide them into Compound and Coordinate bilingualism.
SAME CONTEXT
HOME
Compound bilingualism
Child of bilingual parent
Compound bilingualism refers to learning two languages in the same context.
SCHOOL
HOME
SCHOOL
Coordinate bilingualism
means learning
each language
in a separate environment.
Coordinate bilingualism
In this case
the child keeps languages separated in his mind and usually doesn’t switch between them while speaking in early years.
TIME OF ACQUIRING 2ND LANGUAGE
Time of acquiring second language
It depends on whether the time of acquiring a second language overlaps with the first one.
When a child is learning two languages at the same.
before the age of 3 and before fully acquiring the first language.
Simultaneous bilingualism
This way the languages overlap and create kind of a mixture that is later gonna be separated into two languages.
SEQUENTIAL
FIRST LANGUAGE
You can acquire as many languages as you wish.
+ 3 YEARS
SECOND
LANGUAGE
Sequential bilingualism
1ST LANGUAGE MAKES SENSE OUT THE 2ND ONE.
The first language is always going to be used for translating the second language.
THE LEVEL OF LANGUAGE FLUENCY
The level of language fluency
It depends on the speaker’s level of the languages skills.
This type of bilingualism happens when a child learns a second language without reinforcing the first one. This way the child will lose some of the knowledge from his first language.
For example, the family often uses the language of the society and does not keep consistency with usage of the heritage language.
Subtractive bilingualism
When it comes to adult learners, this can happen when a person learns a third language, for example when moving to another country and starts losing his second language. The mother tongue in this case stays as it is.
This type
of bilingualism refers to individuals who understand a second language but cannot actively use it. It is also called passive bilingualism. This bilingualism is very typical for people who for some years lived in a different country when growing up but didn’t manage to maintain the language at an active level.
Receptive bilingualism
Subordinate bilingualism
This is a kind
of bilingualism referring mostly to adults learning a second language. They have one strong language: their mother tongue, and they learn a second language through their first language. In other words, the second language is not separated from the first one and learners use the mother tongue to understand the second language.
When the learner, usually a child, learns the second language while reinforcing the first one.
Additive bilingualism
Typical example is a child living with his family in a foreign country. This child will learn one language at home while speaking another language at school.
The second language will not erase anything from the first language and adds to the language skills. That's why is ‘additive bilingualism