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Mexican Culture
266
Mexican Cultural Presentation
NUR4655 /Nursing in a Diverse culture
Indian River State College
Group members
Veronica Aguilera
Ryslande Eugene Dominique
Michelle Johnson
Heather Lorino
Michael Olavarria
Crystal Schneider
Introduction
Comarison with Western
Beliefs
Introduction to
Mexican culture
Aguilera, V. (2008)
Introduction
to
culture
With over 60% of the Mexican people being "mestizos" or, of Spanish and Amerindian descent, their cultural practices trace all the way back into the 1500s when the Spaniards came to Mexico and interacted with the Indians. (Giger, 2017). Despite rapid globalization, Mexicans have been very smart to ensure that their cultural character and practices are preserved (IES, 2019). Mexicans are faithful to their country, its history, their cultural background, practices, and beliefs. Despite many of them fleeing to the United States still in today's times, they remain strong in their cultural practices, and continue to pass them on from generation to generation.
Aguilera, V. (2008)
Aguilera, V. (2012)
by: Heather Lorino
Aguilera, V. (2018)
Aguilera, V. (2009)
Biological Variations & Susceptibility to Disease
Biological
Variations
Skin color: Natural tan to dark brown; lighter color has more Spanish ancestry; darker-skinned persons have more Indian ancestry.
Hair: Dark; may be curly and wooly, straight, or wavy.
Diabetes: Mexican Americans are 1.9 times more likely to have diabetes than non-Hispanic Whites of similar age.
Hypertension: Lower risk of developing hypertension.
Melanoma: Poorer prognosis in Southwest regions.
Communicable Diseases: May have predisposition to a higher prevalence of TB; Hepatitis C occurs at a higher rate among Mexican Americans; High incidence of childhood obesity related to mothers believing a fat baby is a healthy baby; Hispanics and Latinos make up 16% of the U.S. population but had 21% of all new HIV infections in 2010.
(Giger, 2017)
By Crystal Schneider
Nutrition Deficiencies & Preferences
Nutrition
Lactose intolerance has high prevalence - >66% (Giger, 2017)
The traditional Mexican diet is based on corn, beans, squash, and chili, but also includes dairy products, meats, and other foods from Spain (some examples below)
Grains - flour or corn tortillas, gruels, oatmeal, rice
Fruits - guava, mango, papaya, melon, banana, avocado
Vegetables - chilies, tomatoes, onions, tomatillos, jicama
Dairy - cow's and goat's milk, cheese, custard
Protein - legumes (beans, lentils), chicken, beef, pork, eggs, seafood/fish, pumpkin and sesame seeds
(Kaiser, 2006)
By Crystal Schneider
Recipe for tacos
de barbacoa
Food GPS (2013).
Recipe
Aguilera, V. (2019)
by: Veronica Aguilera
Social Organization
Family is highly valued and the majority are nuclear families, although some households have extended families. Men are the family authority figure, they make the decisions and are head of the household. The mother holds the family together and can influence decisions. Divorce is not common, but in the lower socioeconomic levels, stable out-of-wedlock relationships are common. Families are large, generally with four or more children. Children respect parental authority and parent-child bond is valued over the husband-wife bond. Mexican American culture values "familismo" or family interdependence; extended family members share nurturing and discipline, assist each other financially, emotionally and with problem solving. The entire family, including children, often contribute to the financial benefit of the family (Giger, 2017).
Social
orientation
By Michelle Johnson
Topic 1
Roman Catholicism
Aguilera, V. (2009)
Religion
The predominant religion practiced by Mexican Americans is Roman Catholicism. Religious practices that are commonly observed include baptism, confirmation, communion, weddings and funerals. Prayers from the priest and family are relied on in times of crisis. When dealing with illness in the family, they will use the rituals of making promises, lighting candles, visiting shrines and offering prayers.
Ancient Indian practices of witchcraft and voodoo influence the beliefs of Roman Catholic Mexican Americans. Because of this, belief in demons occurs with some Mexican Americans. The belief in witchcraft practices to manipulate evil forces is built into this system. "Brujeria" (witchcraft) is seen as a supernatural or magical illness and sometimes an emotional illness. Envy, hatred, jealousy, and vengeance are motives for witchcraft. There is no scientific basis for brujeria and the belief is that it is created by opponents using the evil forces of hexes and spells. Brujeria has symptoms, including paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, depression, mania, fitful behavior, suspicion, anxiety & feelings of being controlled by someone else (Giger, 2017).
By Michelle Johnson
Aguilera, V. (2006)
Godparents
Compadrazgo translates into co-parenthood, which is godparent-hood. This Catholic practice is very important in Mexican heritage. The role of godparent is very important, the compadrazgo is committing to accepting co-responsibilities along with the parents. This relationship begins at the child's baptism and is life-long; it is both for religious purposes and revolves into an important relationship and resource for coping with life's stress. Often a godparent is chosen from a higher socioeconomic level, this enables the child to grow up with more extensive social resources than the family could provide (Giger, 2017).
Compadrazgo
(Godparents)
By Michelle Johnson
Death and Dying
Death is not thought to be the end, but an entry into a new way of life, this way of thinking was most likely influenced by Aztec and Catholic beliefs. Religious symbols and rituals are important to Mexican Americans. A large amount of support and comfort is received from extended family networks while grieving. The importance of familismo is apparent when families are grieving and coping with the death of a loved one. Many Mexican Americans believe in fatalism, meaning that no matter why the death occurred, it is the will of God. Mexican Americans are more likely to touch and kiss their deceased than Anglo Americans are. Because Mexican Americans are a close-knit community that prefer to take care of their own, they rarely use hospice. In dealing with grief and bereavement they use pictorial remembrances, ongoing rituals, faith-based and proximity based connections, and relationships through dreams and storytelling (Giger, 2017).
Death
By Michelle Johnson
Communication
Communication
- Spanish is the core language by Mexican Americans.
- Spanish is the fourth most common language in the world.
- Indian heritage contributes to the 50 plus Spanish dialects.
- Many dialects are used which are a variation of the Spanish language throughout neighborhoods, communities and areas close to the Mexican border.
- The use of English loan words are commonly used from today’s culture.
- Code-switching is the techniques of blending from English to Spanish in conversation.
- Calo is a trendy newer code dialect used more today by the younger generation.
Giger, 2013
Comarison with Western
Beliefs
Mexican- American
Communication
Mexican American Communication
- Touch is embraced between one another when they are familiar such as holding hands and hugging.
- Men and women are modest and prefer not to be touched by health care providers.
- Women prefer female health care providers and children prefer mothers to assist with care.
- Voice is usually low and calm because it is uncommon for Mexican Americans to be aggressive in a healthcare surrounding.
- Cautious, agreeable, and uses small talk to initiate conversation.
- Can use large verbal language when passionate about ideas.
- Very open in communicating with all the senses.
Giger, 2013
Nursing Implications
Nursing Implications
- Establish an individualized trusting and caring nursing relationship.
- Assess the ability to communicate and understand.
- Not recommended to use family, friends or Spanish speaking staff members.
- Digital translators can visually allow for direct viewing for gestures and accuracy of cultural information.
- Certified translators by use of phone or more modern technical devices such as Vocera and language line to provide competent care.
- Acknowledging client directly and kindly will enhance the care.
- Avoid the use of sayings, slang, or jokes to avoid confusion of care.
- Teaching and listening are key concepts for accuracy in cultural care.
- Printed material in Spanish and lower literacy to ensure accuracy of information.
- Avoid direct eye contact when caring for children this is seen as an evil spell and can only be broken with touch.
Giger, 2013
Common Mexican hand gestures
Nonverbal Communication
Double click to edit
SpanishPod101.com (n.d.)
https://youtu.be/Mcv9ZHVCjqU
Time in Mexican culture
Time is a relative element within the Mexican culture. Mexican people are hailed for being hard workers. As such, they have learned over the centuries to harness seasons and weather patterns to maximize productivity. That is whether it is at the farm or in other socioeconomic ventures. The community has also set time for rites and social events that are celebrated annually . Dia de los Muertos or the Day of the Dead where dead family members are remembered is a major event that is commemorated on an annual basis (Vasquez, Pease, & Shannon, 2007).
Time
by: Ryslande E. Dominique
Comarison with Western
Beliefs
Differences Compared to Western culture
There are some differences observed between the Mexican and American cultures. Much of the former's culture is grounded on community and family ties while the American culture is highly individualistic (Vasquez, Pease, & Shannon, 2007). The Mexican society is patriarchal with the man being the head of the house hold and other social institutions. In the US, women enjoy a high degree of autonomy which has served to neutralize patriarchy. The U.S. culture is notably materialistic while the Mexican society is collective and focused on the growth of communal ties and bonds.
Differences from Western Culture
by: Ryslande E. Dominique
Mexican culture
- Music
- The main type of music known to represent the Mexican Culture is known as Mariachi music, beginning in the most rural parts of Mexico and transitioning to the urban areas and now into the south-western parts of the United States. "Mariachis have come to symbolize Mexican nationalism in the United States, especially in the southwest. The tradition of mariachi music, an integral part of cultural celebrations of the Mexican people, originally was taught within families" (Clark, 2005). . You will often times see them in their famous charro suit, which includes the famous sombrero (Zimmerman, 2017).
- Dress
- Like the old times, both traditional Mexican men and women clothing contain bright vibrant colors and embroidery. "Traditional Mexican women´s clothing now regularly includes lots of ornate embroidery, often including images and patterns that have symbolic meaning attached to them" (Zimmerman, 2017). Men do in fact wear a sombrero in Mexico traditionally for formal events paired with the tuxedo, as it provides plenty of shade from the outdoor heat. "One distinguishing article of traditional men's clothing is a large blanket cape called a sarape. Boots are also a wardrobe staple" (Zimmerman, 2017).
- Holiday Traditions
- Day of the Dead - Día de los Muertos, November 1st-2nd
- Mexicans view death as a normal integral part of life, dating back over 3,000 years and get the chance to celebrate wit the lost loved ones every year. Normally celebrated with the famous sugar skulls and skeletons, but not to be confused with the celebration of Halloween, though the two do have similar characteristics.
- "On the Day of the Dead, it’s believed that the border between the spirit world and the real world dissolve. During this brief period, the souls of the dead awaken and return to the living world to feast, drink, dance and play music with their loved ones. In turn, the living family members treat the deceased as honored guests in their celebrations, and leave the deceased’s favorite foods and other offerings at gravesites or on the ofrendas built in their homes" (History.com, 2018)
- Cinco de Mayo - May 5th
- Represents Mexico's victory over France at the Battle of Puebla during the Franco-Mexican War
- "Traditions include military parades, recreations of the Battle of Puebla and other festive events. For many Mexicans, however, May 5 is a day like any other: It is not a federal holiday, so offices, banks and stores remain open" (History.com, 2018)
- Feast of Our Lady Guadelupe - December 12th
- "Is a major Mexican holiday celebrating the appearance of the Virgin Mary to an Indian man in the first years of Spanish rule" (Zimmerman, 2017)
Mexican
culture
Slide by Heather Lorino
Dia de los muertos
Mariachi at The Grammy's
Videos
@theGrammy's (2015)
National Geographic (2017)
Slide by Heather Lorino
Traditional dress & Day of the Dead
Pictures
Slide by Heather Lorino
Space
Space
Personal space:
- Much smaller than that of a typical American
- Physical touch is not frowned upon.
- Physical closeness is common amongst Mexican families.
- Mexican individuals tend to close physical touch barriers and do not avoid close encounters with those of the opposite sex. Though this may be true, an advancement in spacial orientation does not carry romantic significance.
- About an arms distance of personal space is acceptable, but do not be offended if a Mexican individual decides to close the gap, as this is a very acceptable conversational practice. Backing up after a person has made an advancement may be considered impolite.
Group Orientation
- Prefer to be part a a group rather than being alone.
- The group orientation is a large factor in their personal space customs. People from the Mexicans heritage are much less sensitive to individual space needs and more comfortable as a unit rather than being in a situation or state of loneliness.
- Mexicans value physical presence, even that of the extended family.
(Giger, 2017, p.215-216)
Comarison with Western
Beliefs
A typical Mexican greeting
Women kiss both males and females on the cheek to greet them. Men will kiss women on the cheek and give a fellow gentlemen a handshake, typically consisting of an additional pat on the shoulder or bicep area.
Greetings from Mexico
Nursing Implications
Nursing implications
- Some Mexican Americans may have cultural values which prohibit members of the opposite sex to administer care
- In the heath care realm it is important to understand to modesty of a particular cultural demographic
- It is important to properly explain all treatments and procedures in the clients native language.
Environmental control: Health beliefs
Eco Landscaping (2015)
Many Mexicans believe in traditional medicine. "Lower education, poor health literacy, and lack of access" often leaves Mexicans "looking to family members or traditional medicine practitioners"(Lemley & Spies, 2014, p. 186). Aloe vera and prickly cactus for example, are used by some to help lower blood sugar naturally in diabetes.
They also believe in "susto, meaning "frieght," it is a folk illness belief that refers to an episode of severe frieght or terrifying emotional experience" (Lemley & Spies, 2014, p. 186). Symptoms of susto may occur after losing a loved one. It includes "crying, insomnia , anorexia, restlessness, nightmares, stomachache, diarrhea, high fevers and involuntary tics" (Giger, 2017, p. 224).
Mexicans also believe in the hot and cold imbalance as it is related to health. Cold is thought to hurt the body and certain diseases are given a hot label such as cancer. "Hot conditions include infection, diarrhea, and sore throats and, therefore, are treated with cold foods such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products" (Purnell, 2014, p.318).
Environmental
Control
Dale, H. (2017)
Slide by Veronica Aguilera
Health beliefs
continued...
Makeda, P. (n.d.)
Slideshare.net (n.d.)
"Mal de ojo" or evil eye is a common belief among them. It usually occurs when a person is admiring a child and does not touch the child. It is believed to cause the child headaches, diarrhea, vomiting and irritability. It is believed to be fixed by the person touching the child or warded off by the child wearing a red ribbon bracelet.
They also believe in "empacho" when "one experiences an upset stomach, believed to be caused by a ball of undigested or improperly cooked food clinging to the wall of the stomach"(Sobralske, 2006, p. 4). It causes severe abdominal pain and is treated with stomach massage.
They also commonly suffer from "nervios" or nerves commonly referring to "restlessness, insomnia, loss of appetite, headaches, and nonspecific aches and pains"(Giger, 2017, p. 224). This is what they often see their doctors for.
Health beliefs
Slide by: Veronica Aguilera
Health Practices
Hot and cold
practices
-They tend to believe in an external locus of control, where God rewards good behavior with good health. An unbalanced hot and cold in the body, and bad thoughts or behavior are believed to cause bad health. Many believe praying to God and the Virgin de Guadalupe can heal them.
-While pregnant women tend not to eat "hot" foods such as pork for example, since pregnancy is considered a hot time for the body, yet while menstruating and after giving birth women are encouraged to avoid cold foods and baths (Giger, 2017, p. 221). Very traditional women will not venture out and rest after giving birth during "la curentena" or the 40 days on bed rest while they breast feed their baby and others in the family help care for them. It is believed it will help heal them faster.
-Mexicans tend to use herbal medicines and teas that they buy over the counter. "A few can be harmful by themselves, whereas others may be harmful when included with prescriptions and over the counter medicines" (Purnell, 2014, p. 318). Azaron and greta two herbs commonly used for gastrointestinal issues in children for example, contain lead so patients should be monitored for toxic lead levels (Purnell, 2014, p. 318).
-Most are fine with blood transfusions but tend to reject organ transplantation. They tend to believe the body should be buried whole.
Worldpress.com (2012)
Health Practices
Almay (2019)
By: Veronica Aguilera
Ferwalt, D. (2011)
Folk Medicine
Chaudrhy, C. (2015)
Gate, R.R. (2009)
Folk medicine
Many tend to use folk practitioners. Most have a folk healer who is related and will use them first for their health needs. They tend to have knowledge that has been passed down through generations. If no improvement they will be referred to a curandero. "They treat more serious physical and mental or emotional diseases" (Giger, 2017, p. 223). They treat stomach issues, varying pains in body, depression, infertility, anxiety, problems with alcohol, evil eye, susto, and marital problems. They are also believed to cleanse away evil spirits. Curanderos tend to treat patients in the curandero's home. "The effectiveness of curanderos seems to be there ability to use their personality and healing regalia to encourage hope and trust on the part of the client" (Giger, 2017, p. 223). Brujos or witches may also be consulted to cure jealousy, envy, or to get back a lost love. Dolls, and different foods may be used to heal. They may also use yerberos or "folk healer who specializes in using herbs and spices for preventative and curative purposes" (Giger, 2017, p. 223).
By: Veronica Aguilera
Implications to Nursing
Implications to
Nursing
- "Awareness about the use of herbal remedies among Mexican American immigrants and the potential side effects is needed to council patients effectively" (Lemley & Spies, 2014, p. 188.). A current list of all home remedies should be included in chart to check for drug interactions.
- High levels of machismo still persits causing most men "not to seek health care until they are incapacitated and unable to go about their activities of daily living" (Sobralske, 2006, p.3). They should be educated on risks of failing to seek treatment early.
- "44% of Mexican Americans in a study ''... reported using alternative practitioners one or more times during the previous year" (Giger, 2017, p. 225). Because curanderos tend to use spirituality in treatment using a dual therapy of patient's folk medicine and prescribed medicine may work better and will be more likely to be complied with when doing for example, alcoholic and smoking cessation programs or chronic disease management.
- Respect should be shown by the nurse for bracelets or charms used to ward off evil eye during treatments. It will show the patient their belief's are respected.
- Some typical "healing beliefs and practices are practical, such as massage, prayer, listening, or the application of cold for a fever. However, some practices can lead to missed clues for serious conditions that do not respond to these remedies, such as prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, parasites, or malnutrition in children" (Giger, 2017, p. 225). In these cases teaching is needed to avoid causing further harmful treatment and quickly getting proper medical treatment that could be life saving.
- If a Mexican patient is refusing to eat while hospitalized the nurse should ask them what they think could help their illness so they can be provided with that food.
- Language, time orientation, and poverty are some barriers commonly faced when needing to seek medical care. Medical interpreters should be used and it is important not to keep patients waiting for doctors to keep patients prompt also. Helping those with low income find low cost clinics and resources to help them is also needed especially when treating chronic conditions (Spector, 2017, p. 231-232).
By: Veronica Aguilera
Figure 1. Mexican Immigrant population in the United States, 1980-2017
Conclusion
Zong & Batalova, (2018)
Conclusion
Mexicans are a minority group that have managed to maintain their rich traditions and culture as they have assimilated here in the United States. "Mexicans are still the largest foreign-born group, accounting for 25 percent of the 44.5 million immigrants as of 2017" (Zong & Batalova, 2018). Many are thriving and living the American dream. However many still face language barriers, knowledge deficits , and a lower economic status that all contribute to lower levels or lack of access to adequate health care. Nurses need "to evaluate each client as a unique individual despite the client's cultural group" since "it is also essential to consider that Mexican Americans are one of the major ethnic groups in the United States in whom health disparities exist and contribute to chronic conditions and death" (Giger, 2017, p. 232). It is important that their beliefs are taken into account when creating a care plan . It will create a more culturally congruent treatment plan tailored to their unique needs and beliefs that they will be more likely to follow.
by: Veronica Aguilera
References
Aguilera, V. (2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2018). [Untitled pictures of Mexican culture]. Retrieved from presenter’s personal collection.
Aguilera, V. (2019). [Barbacoa recipe video] downloaded to youtube: https://youtube.be?MJASKNHIqOQ
Almay (2019). [Image of Mexican spices]. Retrieved from: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=Rf5JxwRn&id=BC5A4ACEBA6090E3A59015ECA7EAAE18B2FE8F97&thid=OIP.Rf5JxwRnFP8acoRVRpYb0AHaFL&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fl7.alamy.com%2Fzooms%2Fb30dd980f0c54e58b87057bdce197bca%2Fherbs-and-spices-for-sale-in-the-central-covered-market-guanajuato-a7k4t9.jpg&exph=447&expw=640&q=mexican+herb+markets&simid=608022760603713935&selectedindex=0&vt=4&eim=2,3,4,6&sim=11
Chaudrhy, C. (2015). [Curandera image]. Retrieved from: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=uSd0lAbR&id=E5B5C220B2B2636E5DC6160F0E3AF2D0496DC1DA&thid=OIP.uSd0lAbR5sax3230GCpHagHaFh&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fthelatinoauthor.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FCurandera2-300x224.jpg&exph=224&expw=300&q=Mexican+Curanderos&simid=608007522036287496&selectedindex=6&vt=4&eim=1,2,3,4,6&sim=11
Clark, S. (2005). Mariachi music as a symbol of Mexican culture in the United States. International Journal of Music Education, 23(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761405058237
Dale, H. (2017). [Image of aloe vera]. Retrieved from: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&id=BDD2B14D4353F250A0BA48D6B65110E739C6A710&thid=OIP.POhxCdNh35fKHzNF_IK5IAHaLJ&exph=3084&expw=2048&q=aloe+vera+juice&selectedindex=3&vt=1&eim=2,3,4,6&ccid=POhxCdNh&simid=608016670281237746&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia3.popsugar-assets.com%2Ffiles%2Fthumbor%2F97UAC_kva9rllpxjiCYOY82NgFs%2Ffit-in%2F2048xorig%2Ffilters%3Aformat_auto-!!-%3Astrip_icc-!!-%2F2016%2F06%2F24%2F223%2Fn%2F28443503%2F2e26987dad1accab_iStock_19091679_XLARGE.jpg
Eco Landscaping (2016). [Image of prickly cactus]. Retrieved from: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=owBxZiuJ&id=134416F3E34311B12B66D1662DAE43B866B8C9BB&thid=OIP.owBxZiuJ0MBdrOSg33F7IQHaJ4&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fecogardenok.com%2Fecolandscaping%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2Fpurple-opuntia.jpg&exph=1280&expw=960&q=opuntia&simid=608029198619184156&selectedindex=3&vt=1&eim=2,3,4,6
Evason, N. (2018). Cultural Atlas: Mexican Culture. Retrieved February 22, 2019, from https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/mexican-culture/references-6460feaa-a840-4395-9963-527b742d166a#references-6460feaa-a840-4395-9963-527b742d166a
References
Ferwalt, D. (2011). [Hot and cold image slide]. Retrieved from: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=zXUgsPjj&id=F9472509C9A0D09A04775928C8FF83D5BE9C0369&thid=OIP.zXUgsPjjLGb6aJdv8PRxewHaFj&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fmexicanamericans-13317745576844-phpapp02-120314202457-phpapp02%2F95%2Fmexican-americans-15-728.jpg%3Fcb%3D1331756965&exph=546&expw=728&q=Hot+and+Cold+Food+Beliefs&simid=608054062267108200&selectedindex=2&vt=4&eim=2,3,4,6&sim=11
Food GPS.(2013). [image of tacos]. Retrieved from: https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry_3770143
Gate, R.R. (2009). The Curandera. [You tube video]. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/SoJUzuu0BF4
Giger, J. N. (2017). Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO:Elviser.
History.com (Ed.). (2018, September 12). Cinco de Mayo. Retrieved March 11, 2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/cinco-de-mayo
History.com (Ed.). (2018, October 30). Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos). Retrieved March 11, 2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/halloween/day-of-the-dead
Kaiser, L. (2006). Health and Dietary Issues Affecting Latinos. California Food Guide, Chapter 16. Retrieved from https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/formsandpubs/publications/CaliforniaFoodGuide/16HealthandDietaryIssuesAffectingLatinos.pd
Lemley, M. & Spies, L.A. (2014). Traditional beliefs and practices among Mexican American immigrants with type II diabetes: A case study. Journal of the American Nurse Practitioners, 27(2015), 185-189. Doi 10.1002/2327-6924.12157
Makeda, P. (n.d.). [Image of baby hand with bracelet]. Retrieved from: https://www.etsy.com/listing/292595753/baby-evileye-baby-evil-eye?ref=unav_listing-same-1&bes=1
National Geographic (2017). [What is the day of the dead video]. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/j44yUslzUks
Purnell, L.D. (2014). Guide to Culturally Competent Health Care (3rd ed). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
References
Slideshare.net (n.d.). [Image of PowerPoint with Mexican beliefs, curandera and child]. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/rachelscarlett792/nur-401-ppt-401-draft-hispanic-cultural-assessment
Sobralske, M. (2006). Machismo sustains health and illness beliefs of Mexican American men. Journal of American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 18(8), 348-350. https://doi-org.db12.linccweb.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00144.x
SpanishPod101.com (n.d.). [Mexican hand gestures video]. Retrieved from:https://youtu.be/Mcv9ZHVCjqU
Spector, R.E. (2017). Cultural diversity in health and illness (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall.
@theGrammy's (2015). [Video of Mariachi del Sol]. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/vtRn2qmmOes
Vasquez, O.A., Pease-Alvarez, L., & Shannon, S. M. (2007). Pushing boundaries: Language and culture in a Mexican community. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Worldpress.com (2012). [Image of healing prayer]. Retrieved from: https://iamjoeyr.wordpress.com/2012/03/02/a-prayer-for-healing/
Zimmerman, K. A. (2017, July 19). Mexican Culture: Customs & Traditions. Retrieved March 11, 2019, from https://www.livescience.com/38647-mexican-culture.html
Zong, J. & Batalova, J.(2019). Mexican immigrants in the United States. The Online Journal of the Migration Policy Institute. p. 1-13. Retrieved from. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states/