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RECENT HISTORY OF IRELAND

1969-1998

The TROUBLES

Location

BACK

GROUND

IRELAND is an island in the North Atlantic, separated from Great Britain to its east by North Channel, the Irish Sea and St George's Channel

Republic of Ireland

It is the South part of Ireland.

It isn't part of the United Kingdom.

Counties: 26 out of the 32 of the island of Ireland

Capital City: Dublin

Geographical Features

Geography and Politics

Anthem: "The Soldiers' Song"

Republic of Ireland

Official languages: Irish, English

Main Religion: Catholicism (78,3%)

Geographical Features

Boundaries

The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the North Channel. To the east, the Irish Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean via St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest.

The Cliffs of Moher

Landscape

The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs, hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well as significant areas of bogland and several lakes.

The highest point is Carrauntoohil (1,038 m), located in the MacGillycuddy's Reeks mountain range in the southwest.

River Shannon, which traverses the central lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at 386 kilometres or 240 miles in length. The west coast is more rugged than the east, with numerous islands, peninsulas, headlands and bays.

MacGillycuddy's Reeks

Counties

The Irish Counties are sub-national divisions that have been, and in some cases continue to be, used to geographically demarcate areas of local government.

These land divisions were formed following the Norman invasion of Ireland in imitation of the counties then in use as units of local government in the Kingdom of England.

The older term ‘shire’ was historically equivalent to ‘county’. The principal function of the county was to impose royal control in the areas of taxation, security and the administration of justice at the local level.

Counties

6 counties in Northern Ireland

26 counties in the Republic of Ireland

Politics

Ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government.

The Oireachtas is the bicameral national parliament composed of the President of Ireland and the two Houses of the Oireachtas: Seanad Éireann (Senate) and Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives).

The President serves as head of state, and is elected for a seven-year term and may be re-elected once.

Politics

Michael D. Higgins became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.

Northern Ireland

It is the North- Eastern part of Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom

Counties: 6 out of the 32 of Ireland

Capital City: Belfast

Population: 1,810,863

Northern Ireland

Timeline

Oliver Cromwell and his armies massacred thousands of people and took large areas of land away from the Irish Catholics.

The English presence in Ireland was intensified in 1649-1650, when Oliver Cromwell, head of the revolutionary Puritan government in England, invaded the country

Very first English invasion

Invaders settled in the country and were assimilated into Irish culture

In 1801 the Act of Union stated that Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The

Anglican Church became the official Irish Church, and Catholics were not allowed to sit in

Parliament, even if 88% of the Irish were Catholic.

Timeline before 19th century

The beginning of the longstanding conflicts between Irish and English.

1169

End of the 18th century

16th century

Battle of the Diamond

- It saw the supremacy of the Anglican and Presbyterian Peep o'Day Boys over the Catholic Defenders

-It lead to the formation of the Anglican Orange Order.

A rebellion in 1798 led by the cross-community Belfast-based Society of the United Irishmen and inspired by the French Revolution sought to break the constitutional ties between Ireland and Britain and unite Irish people of all religions.

-1542 Henry VIII declares the Kingdom of Ireland controlled by England

- Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism

-The region becomes subject to major programmes of colonialism by Protestant English (mainly Anglican) and Scottish (mainly Presbyterian) settlers.

Irish Question

The Irish Question was a phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence.

The Irish are descendent from the Celtic people. They are traditionally Catholic.

Though, there is a minority of Protestants who descends from the English invaders

IRISH QUESTION

The Irish have always felt exploited by England, and have regarded it as responsible for their economic plight.

The Irish War of Independence

The Irish Republic

Main events before 19th century

Oliver Cromwell and his armies massacred thousands of people and took large areas of land away from the Irish Catholics.

The English presence in Ireland was intensified in 1649-1650, when Oliver Cromwell, head of the revolutionary Puritan government in England, invaded the country

Very first English invasion

Invaders settled in the country and were assimilated into Irish culture

In 1801 the Act of Union stated that Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The

Anglican Church became the official Irish Church, and Catholics were not allowed to sit in

Parliament, even if 88% of the Irish were Catholic.

History before 19th century

The beginning of the longstanding conflicts between Irish and English.

1169

End of the 18th century

16th century

Battle of the Diamond

- It saw the supremacy of the Anglican and Presbyterian Peep o'Day Boys over the Catholic Defenders

-It lead to the formation of the Anglican Orange Order.

A rebellion in 1798 led by the cross-community Belfast-based Society of the United Irishmen and inspired by the French Revolution sought to break the constitutional ties between Ireland and Britain and unite Irish people of all religions.

-1542 Henry VIII declares the Kingdom of Ireland controlled by England

- Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism

-The region becomes subject to major programmes of colonialism by Protestant English (mainly Anglican) and Scottish (mainly Presbyterian) settlers.

Religion

Religion

The majority of Ireland has always been mostly Catholic. The only few Protestant descend from the English and are concentrated in Northern Ireland

IRA

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a name used by several paramilitary organisations in Ireland throughout the 20th and the 21st century.

In 1919, IRA was declared the official army of the Irish Republic by Dáil Éireann .

FIRST SPLIT: 1921, after the Anglo-Irish Treaty (national army and IRA)

SECOND SPLIT: 1969 after the end of the civil war (Official IRA and the Provisional IRA)

THIRD SPLIT: the provisional IRA split into Real IRA and Continuity IRA

THE SPLITS

Official IRA

The official IRA is now become the Workers' Party of Ireland.

OIRA

Provisional IRA

The Provisional IRA broke from the OIRA in 1969.

PIRA

Continuity IRA

The Continuity IRA (CIRA) broke from the PIRA in 1986.

CIRA

Real IRA

The Real IRA (RIRA), a 1997 breakaway from the PIRA.

RIRA

NOW?

In April 2011, former members of the Provisional IRA announced a resumption of hostilities.

The New IRA, which was formed as a merger between the Real IRA and other republican groups in 2012.

NOW?

WWI

The Anglo-Irish was a conflict between the UK and its forces in Ireland and Irish republican guerrillas.

Anglo-Irish

War (1919-1921)

The IRB set up a secret council to prepare the insurrection.

The insurrection broke out in Dublin on Easter Monday 1916

The proclamation of the Republic of Ireland, supported by the Irish Army, was published

The British arrested many people and began to shoot the leaders of the IRA. Public opinion changed radically. Before they didn’t want a riot, now the prisoners were nominated by the citizien for Sinn Fein.

Public Opinion

1919

Michael Collins

Eamon De Valera

In 1919 the war of independence between the IRA led by Michael Collins and the British army broke out. Meanwhile, in Ireland, in the new state, there was clandestine organisation.

the Black and Tans responded with "official punishments“

1920

A series of attacks on rural police barracks ensued in early 1920.

During that summer, Sinn Fein won local government elections.

On July 11, 1921, Lloyd George’s British government declared a truce.

1921

In December 1921 Irish delegates, including Collins, accepted a treaty to separate Ulster from Free State ( Anglo-Irish Treaty), but it was supposed to swear allegiance (Oath of allegiance) and pay tribute to the English crown.

1922-1949

In the years that pass between the recognition of the Irish free state to the proclamation of the Republic there is a period of civil war and of political crises

1922-1949

De Valera

De Valera

De Valera was president of the Irish Free State from 1932 to 1948.

De Valera’s primary purpose was to expunge those elements of the treaty he thought restrictive of Irish independence.

He moved first to abolish the oath of allegiance.

He also stopped the transfer to the British treasury of the land annuities, repayments of the loans advanced to Irish tenant farmers.

De Valera’s new constitution, ratified by referendum, came into effect on December 29, 1937, and made Ireland an independent republic associated with the British Commonwealth only as matter of external policy.

The defense agreement completed the process of establishing Irish sovereignty and made possible Ireland’s neutrality in a European war

Postwar reconstruction

The cost of postwar reconstruction was immense. In 1923–24, 30 percent of all national expenditure went toward defense, and another 7 percent was allocated to compensation for property losses and personal injuries. Yet despite such economic difficulties, the government pursued an efficient farming policy and carried through important hydroelectric projects. Administration was increasingly centralized; an efficient civil service based on the British model and copper-fastened against corruption was established

Reconstruction

WW2

At the outbreak of World War II, de Valera renewed his statement, made in 1938, that Ireland would not become a base for attacks on Great Britain.

de Valera’s government, reelected in 1943 and 1944, remained strictly neutral, despite pressure from British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, German air raids on Dublin in 1941, and, after the United States entered the war in December 1941, pressure from U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt.

But, secretly, the Irish authorities provided significant intelligence and other assistance to the Allies

WW2

The Republic

The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 (No. 22 of 1948) is an Act of the Oireachtas which declared that Ireland may be officially described as the Republic of Ireland, and vested in the President of Ireland the power to exercise the executive authority of the state in its external relations, on the advice of the Government of Ireland. The Act was signed into law on 21 December 1948 and came into force on 18 April 1949, Easter Monday, the 33rd anniversary of the beginning of the Easter Rising.

The Act ended the remaining statutory role of the British monarchy in relation to the state, by repealing the 1936 External Relations Act, which had vested in George VI and his successors those functions which the Act now transferred to the President.

the Republic

1922-1923

The Irish Civil War Was fought between supporters and opposers of the Anglo-Irish Treaty

The free state won, because the opposers' army was formed by irregulars and was easily beaten because they didn't find the support of the population

It caused the death of major characters, such as Michael Collins; and it counted 4000 victims and 12000 prisoners that were released only in 1924.

1922-23

1968-1998

The Troubles

The Troubles were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war".

-BEGINNING: late 1960s

-ENDING: Good Friday Agreement (1998)

-WHERE? Northern Ireland, but also Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe

-TYPE OF CONFLICT: Politic and Nationalistic

Timeline

1993 Historic declaration affirming the right to self-determination for the people of Northern Ireland.

1971 The government approved internment, imprisonment without trial.

1976 A group of IRA prisoners in Belfast declared they were political prisoners.

1994

Sinn Féin, the IRA’s political wing, announced a ceasefire.

Timeline

1968 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sent troops to Belfast

1972 Bloody Sunday: British paratroops shot dead 13 civilians protesting pacifically

1981 They went on hunger strikes. Bobby Sands died

1998 Good Friday Agreement

1974 the IRA began to plant bombs in Britain to kill civilians.

30 January 1972: Bloody Sunday

Where: Derry (Londonderry), Northern Ireland

During a protest march againist internment without trial, British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians.

Bloody Sunday

"Sunday Bloody Sunday"

U2 have paid tribute to the "Bloody Sunday" conflicts by writing the song "Sunday Bloody Sunday" , which was performed for the first time ten years later, in Belfast, and has become one of the masterpieces of the entire band production.

Sunday Bloody Sunday

Bobby Sands

Bobby Sands was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze in Northern Ireland after being sentenced for firearms possession.

Bobby Sands

He was the first prisoner to die in the H-Blocks.

Bobby volunteered to lead the hunger strike against the inhumane treatment from the British.

Bobby Sands was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze in Northern Ireland after being sentenced for firearms possession.

LIFE

LIFE

Early Life

Early life

He had a difficult childhood due to poor health and he was educated at home: he had a nurse who read him religious stories and ghost tales. Since he was a child, he loved listening and writing stories.

At the age of 17, he enrolled at Edinburgh University to study engineering with the goal of following his father in the family business.

However he realised it wasn't his feld and began to study law.

He emerged from law school in 1875 but didn't practice and decided to dedicate himself entirely to writing.

Since he had stopped holding up his family business leaving his first University and abandoning even the second one, he worsened the conflict with his parents.

Adulthood

In september 1876 he met the woman who would become his wife, Fanny Osbourne. She was a 36-year-old American who was married (separated) and had two children. Stevenson and Osbourne began to see each other romantically while she remained in France. In 1878, she divorced her husband, and Stevenson set out to meet her in California (the account of his voyage would later be captured in The Amateur Emigrant). The two married in 1880, and remained together until Stevenson's death in 1894.

Adulthood

Final years

Final years

In June 1888, Stevenson and his family set sail from San Francisco, California, to travel the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

In 1889, they arrived in the Samoan islands, where they decided to build a house and settle. The island setting stimulated Stevenson's imagination, and influenced his writing during this time: Several of his later works are about the Pacific isles.

Robert Louis Stevenson died of a stroke on December 3, 1894, at his home in Vailima, Samoa. He was buried at the top of Mount Vaea, overlooking the sea

10 April 1998:

Good Friday Agreement

The Good Friday Agreement , or Belfast Agreement is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April 1998 that ended most of the violence of the Troubles.

Good Friday Agreement

Brexit and Ireland

On the 31st of January the UK left the European Union; which could be the consequences?

TODAY

Brexit

Tension

The Border

The border between Eire and Northern Ireland is 400 kilometers long, and there hasn't been a frontier since the Good Friday agreement in 1998.

Brexit could cause a restoration of controls and of problems for all the people and goods that every day pass through the border; such as milk or the beer Guinnes

The Border

Another problem could be the transport of patients through the border, where they should get off one ambulance and get on another one.

Tension

- In March 2018 a police car caught fire because of a bomb placed on it.

- In July 2018 some students threw molotov bombs against the police

-in January 2019 a bomb was placed outside a courthouse in the center of Derry.

The main causes can be found in Brexit And of the political crisis that exist in Ukster since 2017

The Backstep

The border between the two Irelands has been a main issue in the pursuit of Brexit, as 56% have voted against it in Ulster, former Prime Minister May tried to save the situation with the "backstop" meaning that the border would not be physical but only a series of electronic controls, the proposal was denied by the parliament.

This happened because of the fear of a reunification between Ulster and Eire and of the possibility for immigrants to pass to easily from northern Ireland to England.

Backstep

Nationalism

As Scotland is pushing to have a referendum to become independent; also in Northern Ireland the nationalist party Sinn Fein has gained more and more seats in the parliament and is acting to leave the UK and reunite Ulster and Eire again.

Reunification?

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