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A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction. Catalysis is the process of adding a catalyst to facilitate a reaction.
Team Members
OM PANDEY -- U21CH012
RAJESH RANJAN DASH - U21CH036
SHUBHAM AMTE -
ABHISHEK ANAND
ABHISHEK VERMA
SMIT RATHOD
Why is catalyst characterization important?
Characterization is critical for both the design and development of novel catalysts but also for process development and optimization, including scale-up and troubleshooting. Most heterogeneous catalysts for example consist of a catalytically active metal or metal oxide located on the surface of a metal oxide support and so it is important to optimize the structure and surface chemistry to provide the appropriate selectivity and reactivity for the process of interest. Other characteristics such as particle size, porosity, and surface area are also important for optimizing diffusion and adsorption for example.
During a chemical reaction, the bonds between the atoms in molecules are broken, rearranged, and rebuilt, recombining the atoms into new molecules. Catalysts make this process more efficient by lowering the activation energy, which is the energy barrier that must be surmounted for a chemical reaction to occur. As a result, catalysts make it easier for atoms to break and form chemical bonds to produce new combinations and new substances.
for catalyst characterization
XRD is a fast and accurate technique for characterizing catalysts.
It can be used to measure the size and shape of particles, the porosity of catalysts, and the surface area of catalysts.
XRD is also a non-destructive technique, which means that it does not damage the sample.
X ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize catalysts.
It uses X-rays to measure the diffraction pattern of a catalyst sample, which can reveal its crystalline structure.
• The term "spectroscopy" defines a large number of techniques that use radiation to obtain information on the structure and properties of matter.
• The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic techniques is to shine a beam of electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and observe how it responds to such a stimulus.
1. Infrared spectroscopy,
2. Raman spectroscopy,
3. x-ray fluorescence,
4. scanning electron microscopy,
5. energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy,
6. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
7. Mossbauer spectroscopy
Working of Raman Spectrscopy
The principle behind Raman spectroscopy is that the monochromatic radiation is passed through the sample such that the radiation may get reflected, absorbed, or scattered. The scattered photons have a different frequency from the incident photon as the vibration and rotational property vary. This results in the change of wavelength,, which is studied in the IR spectra.
The difference between the incident photon and the scattered photon is known as the Raman shift. When the energy associated with the scattered photons is less than the energy of an incident photon, the scattering is known as Stokes scattering. When the energy of the scattered photons is more than the incident photon, the scattering is known as anti-Stokes scattering
Working of NMR spectroscopy
It is based on the fact that the nuclei of most of the atoms show spin and all nuclei are electrically charged. NMR-spectroscopy is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation