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INFANT MORTALITY - AUSTRIA 1800s

DIPHTHERIA

Mouth and Throat representation

What is Diphteria?

What is Diphtheria?

Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that usually affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat.

Diphtheria in Children

Austria 1800s

Diphtheria was a significant public health problem in Austria during the early 1800s, as it was in many other parts of Europe. Children under 5 were particularly at risk of getting this disease.

Diphtheria was one of the leading causes of high infant mortality rates in Austria during this time.

Causes

Diphtheria bacteria spread from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, like from coughing or sneezing. People can also get sick from touching infected open sores or ulcers.

Causes of Diphtheria

Those at increased risk of getting sick include:

Those in the same household, those with a history of close contact with the patient and those directly exposed to secretions from the suspected infection site (e.g., mouth, skin) of the patient.

Environmental impact - Austria

In Vienna, the capital of Austria, diphtheria outbreaks were a frequent occurrence, and infants were particularly vulnerable to the disease due to their immature immune systems.

Diphtheria was especially common among the lower to middle class mainly because of the living conditions.

Environmental impact

This disease was often associated with:

  • Poverty
  • Overcrowding.
  • Contaminated food and water sources.
  • Poor skin care and hygiene
  • Lack of immunization

Timeline

1613 - The spanish epidemic: this year was known for its epidemic of diphtheria.

1735- The plague, diphtheria, swept through England with a case fatality ratio of 40% among children aged 5 and below.

Timeline

1826 - Diphtheria was given its name by French physician Pierre Bretonneau (1778-1862). Bretonneau recorded the first successful use of tracheotomy in a case of diphtheria and many times after that but the patients eventually died.

1883 - The bacterium was identified by Edwin Klebs (1834-1913), a Swiss-German pathologist. It was known at first as the Klebs-Loeffler bacterium.

Historical figures with diphtheria

1. Josephine Bonapartes' grandson, Napoleon Charles.

2. Queen Victoria of England's daughter, Princess Alice.

3. Abraham Lincoln's son, Eddie, died in 1850 - 3 years old.

4. Grover Cleveland's daughter, Ruth.

5. James Garfield's daugther, Eliza.

Treatment

Treatment and Prevention

During the early 1800s, there were no effective treatments for diphtheria. As time went on, there were more scientific and biological advancements that includes:

  • Vaccines
  • Antibiotics to kill and get rid of the bacteria
  • Antitoxins to stop the bacteria toxin from damaging the body

Prevention

  • Vaccination play a huge role in the prevention and spread of Diphtheria.

  • Improved public health practices and sanitation in many parts of the world, including Austria.

  • Antibiotics and diphtheria booster shots.

Diphtheria Today!

Diphtheria rarely occurs in the United States and Western Europe, where children have been vaccinated. However, diphtheria is still common in developing countries where vaccination rates are low.

Diphtheria today!

In the United States, there are four vaccines used to prevent diphtheria: DTaP, Tdap, DT, and Td.

Quick Summary

Quick Summary

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