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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
What is ADHD?
Defintion of ADHD
Someone with Attention Deficet Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has differences in brain development and brain activity that affects attention, the ability to sit still, and self-control (Hasan, 2022). Like the name suggests, a person with ADHD has a difficult time focusing, while simultanesouly dealing with hyperactivity.
Causes of ADHD
Causes
There is actually no known cause for ADHD. There are beliefs that genetics may play and important role in the cause of ADHD. Other possible causes that scientists are researching include brain injury, premature birth, or an exposure to environemntal risks during pregnancy or at a young age (What is ADHD?).
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Disability Category
Disability Category
ADHD falls under the Other Health Impairments disability category. This category means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environemental stimuli.
Common Characterisitics
Common Characterisitics
- Trouble focusing on tasks
- The person is easily distracted
- They don't pay close attention to details frequently
- They may make careless mistakes in their work
- They don't appear to be listening when spoken to directly
- They frequently don't follow through on instructions or fails to complete work assignments, chores or other activities
- Often loses items needed to complete tasks or activities
- They avoid tasks that require long periods of mental focus
- They may experience forgetfulness
- They have difficulty organizing tasks or other activties
(ADHD inattentive type in adults: Symptoms, diagnosis & treatment)
Prevelance
According to a 2016 study by the National Survey of Children's health, about 5.4 million children have a current diagnosis of ADHD. That is approximately 8.4% of children.
Prevelance
About 335,000 young children ages 2-5 (or 2.1 percent in this age group)
2.2 million school-age children ages 6-11 (or 8.9 percent in this age group)
2.9 million adolescents ages 12-17 (or 11.9 percent in this age group)
(General prevalence of ADHD)
Severity
Among children ages 2-17:
14.5 percent had severe ADHD
43.7 percent had moderate ADHD
41.8 percent had mild ADHD
Prevelance of severity
Race or ethnicity
Percentage of children ages 2-17 with ADHD:
8.4 percent White
10.7 percent Black
6.6 percent Other
6.0 percent Hispanic/Latino
9.1 percent Non-Hispanic/Latino
Prevelance by race or ethnicity
Source for information
General prevalence of ADHD. (2022, May 4). CHADD. https://chadd.org/about-adhd/general-prevalence/
Source
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Instructional and Behavioral Strategies for Children with ADHD
There are many strategies to help accommodate students with ADHD, such as classroom accommodations, instructions, interventions, and assitive technology.
Suggested Instructional and Behaviorial Strategies
Some examples of strategies include:
- Extra time on tests
- Instruction and assignments geared for the student
- Allowing breaks or time to move around
- Changes to the environment to limit distractions
- Extra help staying organized
- Positive feedback on assignments or tasks
- Utilizing organizational tools like binders or folders
- Giving clear directions for tasks and assignments
(ADHD in the classroom)
Instructional Strategies
Instructional
Some accommodations can be made within the classroom, such as a seating change. Since students with ADHD tend to be hyperactive and easily distracted, changing their seat may be beneficial. A teacher could also ensure a distraction free area for test taking so they are not overwhelmed. When delivering a lesson or tasks, teachers can give instructions out one at a time, use visual aids like pictures or charts, and creating outlines to keep organization. For the student with ADHD, a teacher can create worksheets with fewer items, divide long tasks into segments, and focus more on their strengths. Additionally, giving students more time to organize their materials or varying the pace of instruction, dpending on the activity, may help a student with ADHD improve their organizational skills (Effective strategies for teaching students with ADHD.)
Behavioral Strategies
Behavioral
To prevent disruptive behavior, giving students with ADHD multiple breaks as needed or giving them a fidget toy may be beneficial. A teacher can create warning signals with a student with ADHD so they are aware their behavior is becoming disrupted. It could be a hand signal, shoulder squeeze, or a sticky note on their desk. A teacher can also ignore innapropriate behavior if it isn't disrupting the lesson (Effective strategies for teaching students with ADHD.)
More information on strategies for ADHD
Assistive Technology
- Reminder devices
- These devices can give reminders without the rest of the class hearing. An Apple Watch is an example, as it can vibrate to alert the student of a reminder.
- Audiobooks
- By listening to audiobooks, students can sound out difficult words and improve concentration on the material
Assitive Technology
(Hope, 2022)
Reminder Devices
Audiobooks
Additional Resources
Check out these agencies for information and support!
https://chadd.org/
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/index.html
Additional Resources
Check out these articles for more information!
Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 2(2), 104–113
Miller, C. (2022, March 22). What's ADHD (and what's not) in the classroom. Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/whats-adhd-and-whats-not-in-the-classroom/
Check out this website for more information!
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/adhd/Pages/default.aspx