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Substance Use and

Mental Illness

Which came first?

Which came first?

Does Substance Use lead to mental illness or does mental illness lead to substance use?

Brain and Addiction

Brain and Addiction

The Pathology of Addiction

Comorbidity

Comorbidity

The term, “Comorbidity” describes two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person. They can occur at the same time or one after the other.

Some facts:

According to JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association):

  • Roughly 50% of individuals with severe mental disorders are affected by some form of substance abuse

  • 37% of people who are dependent upon or abuse alcohol and 53% of people who are dependent upon or abuse street drugs also have at least one serious mental illness.

Substances

Substances

Alcohol

Mood and Behavior Changes

One of the main problems associated with using alcohol to deal with anxiety and depression is that people may feel much worse when the effects have worn off. Alcohol is thought to use up and reduce the amount of neurotransmitters in the brain, but the brain needs a certain level of neurotransmitters to ward off anxiety and depression. This can lead some people to drink more, to ward off these difficult feelings, and a dangerous cycle of dependence can develop.

Alcohol

Alcohol is a depressant. It is a drug that slows down the brain. It changes a person's ability to think, speak, and see things as they really are. A person may lose his/her balance, and have trouble walking properly. The person may feel relaxed and happy, but later start to cry or get in an argument. Drinking too much alcohol, can lead to alcohol poisoning, which can end up killing a person. Over time, people who abuse alcohol can do serious damage to their bodies. The liver, which removes poison from the blood, is especially at risk.

Long-Term Effects of Alcohol

  • Unintentional injuries
  • Loss of productivity
  • Increased family problems
  • Alcohol poisoning
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Heart-related diseases
  • Liver disease
  • Nerve damage
  • permanent damage to the brain

Short -Term Effect of Alcohol

  • Slurred Speech
  • Drowsiness
  • Vomiting
  • Headaches
  • Distorted Vision
  • Impaired judgement
  • Decreased perception
  • Decreased coordination
  • Black outs.

Caffeine

Coffee, tea and chocolate, soft drinks, energy drinks, painkillers and cold remedies.

coffee = 40mg of caffeine per cup

pop = 23mg

energy drinks = 80mg or more

Plain chocolate has 40mg caffeine per 100g – (3x as much as milk chocolate)

Caffeine stimulates the brain and nervous system

Caffeine

Negative side effects = increased heart rate and blood pressure and makes you pass more urine (lose calcium), can make you anxious, restless, irritable, jittery and sleepless, headaches, stomach pain, nausea, muscle twitching or palpitations .

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that temporarily increase alertness and energy. Stimulants include caffeine and tobacco as well as amphetamines, anabolic steroids, ‘poppers’, hallucinogenic amphetamines (ecstasy), cocaine and crack. They act on the central nervous system and increase brain activity.

Negative side-effects = nervousness, anxiety and paranoia

Depressants

Depressants: SLOW DOWN BRAIN ACTIVITY

These include minor tranquillizers such as Valium, Librium, Mogadon and temazepam, solvents, glues, aerosols and gases.

They impair mental and physical activity and decrease self-control.

Long Term Effects

  • Depression
  • Chronic fatigue
  • Breathing difficulties
  • Sleep problems
  • Addiction

Short Term Effects

  • Slow normal brain functioning
  • Gives a drowsy feeling
  • Slows heart, pulse
  • Poor concentration
  • Confusion
  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Slurred speech

Analgesics

Analgesics:

Analgesics are painkillers and include heroin, opium, pethidine and codeine. They make users less sensitive to emotion and physical pain.

Hallucinogens

Cannabis, LSD and magic mushrooms. Hallucinogens act on the mind, heightening sensations and distorting the way users see and hear things.

Long Term Effects

  • Flashbacks after the drug use
  • Decrease in motivation
  • Increased panic
  • Impaired memory and concentration
  • Increased delusions

Short Term Effects

  • Increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • Heart failure
  • Abnormal rapid breathing
  • Confusion
  • Disorientation
  • Suspiciousness
  • Mixed-up speech
  • Meaningless movement
  • Irrational actions
  • Distorted reality
  • Aggressiveness
  • Sense of relaxation and well being

Marijuana

Marijuana remains the most abused illegal substance among youth. By the time they graduate high school, about 46 percent of U.S. teens will have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetime. 

Marijuana can be addictive. Marijuana is estimated to produce addiction in approximately 9 percent, or about 1 in 11, of those who use it at least once.

This rate increases to about 1 in 6, or 17 percent, for users who start in their teens, and 25–50 percent among daily users.

Marijuana is unsafe if you are behind the wheel. Compromises alertness, concentration, coordination, and reaction time. Marijuana use makes it difficult to judge distances and react to signals and sounds on the road.

Marijuana is the most commonly identified illegal drug in fatal accidents (showing up in the bloodstream of about 14 percent of drivers), sometimes in combination with alcohol or other drugs. By itself, marijuana is believed to roughly double a driver's chances of being in an accident, and the combination of marijuana and even small amounts of alcohol is even more dangerous—more so than either substance by itself.

High doses of marijuana can cause psychosis or panic during intoxication. 

Marijuana can induce acute psychosis

(disturbed perceptions and thoughts,

including paranoia) or panic attacks.

Long Term Effects

  • Memory problems
  • Learning Problems
  • Difficulty thinking
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased risk of cancer
  • Increased risk of pneumonia
  • Respiratory problems
  • Increased risk of colds.

Short Term Effects

  • Changes in senses
  • Trouble walking
  • Trouble with coordination
  • Slow thinking and reflexes
  • Red eyes
  • Thirst and dry mouth
  • Anxiety
  • Paranoia

Nicotine:

You may smoke tobacco to help you relax or you may feel that smoking helps you cope with stress, but the health effects of smoking are very serious.

Associated with cancer and heart and lung disease

Second hand smoke

Long Term Effects

  • Heart Disease
  • Cancer of lung or mouth
  • Reproductive damage
  • Birth defects
  • Lung disease
  • Premature aging
  • Circulatory problems

Short Term Effects

  • Yellow and brown stains on teeth
  • Damage to respiratory system
  • Addiction to nicotine
  • Decrease in lung capacity
  • Elevated heart rate
  • Chronic Cough
  • Increased incidence of bronchitis

Inhalants

Inhalants refers to the vapors from toxic substances which are inhaled to reach a quick high. More than 1,000 household and other common products can be abused as inhalants. Most of these products produce effects similar to anesthetics, which slow down the body's functions. The chemicals are rapidly absorbed through the lungs into the bloodstream and quickly reach the brain and other organs. Inhalants are also known as air blast, hardware, hippie crack, laughing gas, spray and whiteout.

Long Term Effects

  • Permanent hearing loss
  • Damage to the nervous system
  • Brain damage
  • Blood oxygen depletion
  • Liver damage
  • Kidney damage
  • Heart failure

Short-Term Effects

  • Intoxication
  • Headache
  • Muscle weakness
  • Stomach pain
  • Violent behavior
  • Mood swings
  • Hearing loss
  • Loss of coordination

What can you do with this information?

Resources:

http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/D/drugs/

 

http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/comorbidity-addiction-other-mental-disorders

 

www.nami.org

www.teachinginawonderland.com

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