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Nursing Timeline

Shannon Kemp & Savannah Bulthuis

1859

Florence Nightingale

"Lady with the Lamp"

  • “Environmental Theory”: influencing patient surroundings as a part of nursing care

  • Identified environmental factors needed to positively affect health: fresh air, pure water, appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, adequate light, warmth and quiet

1861-1865

The Civil War

1952

December 7, 1941

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Hildegard Peplau

  • “Theory of Interpersonal Relations”: Nursing is an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between a person who needs health services and a nurse who is trained to recognize and respond to their need for health services.

  • Identified four sequential phases of interpersonal relationships: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.

1961

Ida Jean Orlando

  • “Deliberative Nursing Process Theory”: It is up to the nurse to interpret patient behavior and determine the ever changing needs of the patient.
  • ADPIE: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation

August 6, 1965

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965

Imogene M. King

  • “Theory of Goal Attainment”: Nurses care for patients by using communication to set goals with their patient and then take actions to help them achieve those goals

  • Certain interrelated concepts should be considered when setting goals: interaction, perception, communication, transaction, self, role, stress, growth and development, time, and space

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

April 4, 1968

1969

Virginia Henderson

  • “Nursing Need Theory”: Increasing the patient’s independence will hasten their progress from the hospital

  • Nurses can meet the basic 14 human needs of their patients while honoring their individuality by planning their care in a creative way

1971

Dorothea Orem

  • “Self-Care Theory”: Nurses should focus on hospitalized patient’s ability to perform self-care so that they can remain independent or gain independence once they return home

  • Defined self-care as activities individuals initiate and perform in order to maintain well-being

June 1972

Watergate Scandal

1974

Betty Neuman

  • “Neuman’s System Model”: Nursing as a profession is focused on the variables which effect an individual patient’s response to stress

  • -The client is identified as a system that contains 5 variables that affect their response to stress: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual

End of the Vietnam War

1975

Sister Callista Roy

  • “Adaptation Model”: Nurses are health care professionals that promote adaptation of their patient through illness and health on four levels: physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence

  • Nursing required flexibility in order to provide the best care for each individual patient

1976

Dr. Patricia Benner

1982

  • “From Novice to Expert”: Nurses develop knowledge of their profession through obtaining a strong a foundation of education and building on that foundation by gathering clinical experiences.

  • Dr. Benner identified 5 levels of nursing experience: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert

First Artificial Heart Transplant

1982

Barney Clark survived 112 days on the mechanical organ.

Jean Watson

1988

“Theory of Trans-personal Caring”: If nurses to not feel care or compassion towards their patients, they can help eradicate disease, but they will not help their patients achieve true health.

Stock Market Crash

1987

Rosemarie Parse

1992

  • “Human Becoming Theory”: Nursing both a human science and a performing art in which nurses use their relationship building skills to assist persons in their ‘becoming’

  • The idea of ‘becoming’ refers to an individual finding personal meaning in experiences and is based on three themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.

1996

Dolly the Sheep

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