Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

Philosophy

-The Forest and the Trees-

Philosophy

"The Love of Wisdom"

Philosophy

Crash Course Video

What is Philosophy?

Conceptual Analysis

"Love of Wisdom"

Rational Justification for Beliefs

Academia

Sports

Arts and Entertainment

Read, Write, Research, and Teach

What Do Philosophers Do?

What Do Philosophers Do?

Journalism

Religion

Business

Law School

Government and Politics

Lifelong Curiosity and Learning

Activism

How Do Philosophers Do Philosophy?

Philosophical Methods

Logic

Critical Examination

Rational Argumentation

Empirical Work Becoming More Common

What Do Philosophers Study?

The Philosophical Landscape

Logic

The Study of Argumentation and Reasoning

Logic

Three Examples

Valid Argument (with false premises)

Premise 1: If Prof. Langston is President, then Donald Trump is a teacher.

Premise 2: Prof. Langston is President.

Conclusion: Therefore, Donald Trump is a teacher.

Sound Argument

Premise 1: If Donald Trump is President, then Prof. Langston is a teacher.

Premise 2: Donald Trump is President.

Conclusion: Therefore, Prof. Langston is a teacher.

Deductive Arguments

Deductive argument -

an argument in which the conclusion is intended to necessarily follow from the premises.

Valid - an argument in which it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

Sound - a valid argument with true premises.

Invalid Argument

Premise 1: If Donald Trump is President, then Prof. Langston is a teacher.

Premise 2: Prof. Langston is a teacher.

Conclusion: Therefore, Donald Trump is president.

Crash Course Video

Three Examples

Cogent Argument

Premise 1: Most people with two hands have ten fingers.

Premise 2: Prof. Langston has two hands.

Conclusion: Therefore, Prof. Langston probaby has ten fingers.

Strong Argument (with a false premise)

Premise 1: Almost everyone with two hands can do a handstand.

Premise 2: Prof. Langston has two hands.

Conclusion: Therefore, Prof. Langston can probably do a handstand.

Inductive Arguments

Inductive argument -

an argument in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion highly probable.

Strong - an argument in which true premises make the conclusion probably true

Cogent - a strong argument with true premises

Weak Argument

Premise 1: Most people are shorter than 6'4".

Premise 2: Prof. Langston is a person.

Conclusion: Therefore, Prof. Langston is taller than 6'4".

Crash Course Video

Logic Terminology

Logic Terminology

Argument -

A set of statements, called premises, intended to support the truth of another statement, called the conclusion.

Argument

Premise -

A statement within an argument intended to support the truth of the conclusion.

Premise

Conclusion -

The statement of an argument whose truth is supported by the premises.

Conclusion

Deductive Argument -

An argument in which the conclusion is intended to necessarily follow from the premises.

Deductive Argument

Valid Argument -

A argument in which it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false; applies to deductive arguments.

Validity

Invalid Argument -

An argument in which the truth of the conclusion fails to logically follow from the premises; applies to deductive arguments.

Invalidity

Sound Argument -

A valid argument with true premises; applies to deductive arguments.

Soundness

Unsound Argument -

An argument that is either invalid or has at least one false premise; applies to deductive arguments.

Unsound Argument

Inductive Argument -

An argument in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion highly probable.

Inductive Argument

Strong Argument -

An inductive argument in which true premises would make the conclusion highly probable.

Strength

Weak Argument -

An inductive argument in which true premises would not make the conclusion highly probable.

Weak Argument

Cogent Argument -

A strong inductive argument with true premises.

Cogency

Uncogent Argument -

An inductive argument that is either weak or have at least one false premise.

Uncogent Argument

Metaphysics

The Study of the Nature of Reality

Metaphysics

What is Metaphysics?

"What exists, and what is it like?"

The Study of the Nature of Reality

Metaphysics

Can you step in this same river twice?

Metaphysical Topics

  • Time
  • Causation
  • Free Will
  • Existence of Numbers
  • Existence of Morality
  • Supernatural (God)
  • Permanence and Change

Metaphysical Theories

-al Type of Reality?

Metaphysical Theories

Metaphysical Monism- there is only one kind of reality

Metaphysical Dualism- there are two kinds of realities

Metaphysical Materialism- monistic theory that claims that reality is totally physical in nature

Idealism- monistic theory that claims that reality is totally mental or spiritual in nature

Mind-Body Problem

What is the Mind, and How Does it Relate to the Body?

Mind-Body Problem

Am I My Brain? Am I My Mind? Am I Both?

What is the Mind? What is the Body?

What is the Relationship between the Mind and Body?

Mind-Body Relationship

These four propositions seem true, but they cannot all be true at the same time.

1. The body is a physical thing.

2. The mind is a nonphysical thing.

3. The mind and body interact and causally affect one another.

4. Nonphysical things cannot causally interact with physical things.

Mind-Body Theories

Mind-Body Interactionism

Dualistic Theories

  • Most common form of dualism

  • Claims mind and body are two different substances that causally interact

Other Forms of Dualism:

  • Epiphenomenalism
  • Parallelism
  • Occasionalism
  • Among Others

Descartes's Arguments for Dualsim

Arguments for Dualism

Argument from Doubt

Argument from Consciousness

Descartes's arguments rely on the Principle of the Nonidentity of Discernibles:

  • "If two things do not have exactly identitcal properties, then they are not identical."

1. I can doubt my body exists.

2. I cannot doubt my mind exists.

3. If two things do not have exactly

identical properties, then they

cannot be identical.

4. Therefore, the mind and body are

not identical.

Problem with Argument from Doubt

Property of "being subject to doubt" is questionable.

"I can doubt that H2O exists. I cannot doubt that water exists."

1. Material objects are nonthinking and

cannot have the property of

consciousness.

2. The mind is a thinking thing and

does have the property of

consciousness as its essence.

3. If two things do not have exactly

identical properties, then they

cannot be identical.

4. Therefore, the mind and body are

not identical.

Problem with Argument from Consciousness

Physicalists argue that material objects CAN have the property of consciousness, thus claiming premise 1 is false.

Problems with Dualism

Almost all problems with dualism are related to the interaction.

  • Where and how does the interaction take place?

  • Fundamental principle of conseration of energy is inconsistent with claim that mental events cause physical events.

  • Successful brain sciences show nonphysical explanations may be extraneous.

Physicalistic Theories

Identity Theory

Physicalists argue that the mind must be physical.

Monistic Theories (physicalism only)

Identity theory claims that all mental states can be reduced to physical states. For example, "That waterater is wet" really reduces to "That collection of H2O molecules is wet."

Eliminativism

Eliminativism claims that the metaphysics of the immaterial mind and our folk psychology about it are so wrong that both, the metaphysical worldview and language, need to be eliminated.

Problems with Physicalist Theories

Most objections to physicalism claim it can't account for our subjectives experiences - qualia.

Other Forms of Monism:

  • Idealism
  • Among Others

Functionalism

Functionalists argue that mental states should be defined by their functional roles and not by their substance.

  • Monism and dualism are misguided to focus on the substance.

  • Focus on causal (functional) role mental states play relative to sensory inputs, other mental states, and actions or responses.

Functionalist Theories

Multiple Realizability -

property by which something can be instantiated (realized) in multiple ways

Multiple Realizability

Artificial Intelligence

Turing Test

Proposed test to determine whether a computer can think

Turing Test

Strong AI

Claim that programmed computer really can have a mind and can be said to literally understand and believe just like human intelligence

Strong AI

Weak AI

Claim that programmed computer can only appear to have a mind and can only simulate understanding, believing and human intelligence.

Weak AI

Freedom and Determinism - The Problem

Freedom and Determinism

All events are determined by prior causes.

Humans are able to choose alternative paths.

Determinism and Indeterminism

Determinism - claim that all events are the necessary result of previous causes

Indeterminism - claim that some events are not the necessary result of previous causes

One Argument for Determinism

P1 Every event in the

physical world is the

necessary result of

previous causes.

P2 Human events are events

in the physical world.

P3 There are no reasons to

believe human events are

exceptional cases.

C Therefore, human events

are the necessary result of

previous causes.

Is it possible to have moral responsibility in a determined world?

Determinism and Moral Responsibility

YES!

NO!

Hard Determinism

Hard determinists believe that

  • everything is fully determined and
  • determinism is incompatible with moral responsibility

Hard Determinism

Libertarianism

Libertarians believe that

  • some events are not fully determined and
  • determinism is incompatible with moral responsibility

Event-causation - occurs when a prior event necessarily causes a subsequent event

Agent-causation - occurs when an event is brought about through someone's free action

Compatibilism

Compatibilists believe that

  • everything is fully determined and
  • determinism is compatible with moral responsibility

Freedom doesn't require the ability to choose otherwise, only that you act voluntarily from internal causes, not external causes.

Yes

No

Libertarianism

Is determinism true?

Guided Flowchart

Is moral responsibility compatible with determinism?

No

Yes

Compatibilism

Hard Determinism

Epistemology

The Study of Knowledge

Epistemology

Ethics

The Study of How We Should Live

Ethics

(Value Theory)

Topic

Topic

Normative Ethics

Topic

Philosophy of Religion

Justice

Meaning of Life

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi