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Early and Middle Childhood
Who is he?
Jean Piaget 1896-1980
Jean Piaget 1896-1980
• He considered himself to be a “genetic epistemologist”
-‘how one comes to know things’
• Demonstrated interested in the cognitive development of children
and observed children of various ages.
• Was the first psychologist to develop a cognitive theory of four stages
-Sensori-motor Stage
-Pre-Operational Stage
-Concrete Operational Stage
-Formal Operational Stage
(explanation of stages)
Substages:
Characteristics of this stage:
Characteristics of this stage:
Implications on Counseling
Middle Childhood (ages 7-11 ) - Counseling Implications
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
ADHD
neuropsychological disorder- disorder of the brain that affects behavior
inattention - difficulty focusing and paying attention ( selective attention)
hyperactive/impulsive behavior
some children exhibit one characteristic, most exhibit both
attention problems could be because of deficits in working memory
could get aggressive when frustrated
lack self-regulatory skills
Conduct Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
*more of a problem than ODD
*hostility toward society in general
*disregard for the rights of others
* 4 categories of behavior: aggression against people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness/theft, serious violations of rules
Psychopathy in Children
*neurological condition
*"callous unemotional children"
*heritability is 80%
*smaller subgenual cortex, and a 5-10% reduction in brain density in portions of the paralimbic system - regions of the brain associated with empathy and social values
* amygdala not functioning normally, low levels of cortisol
*distinctive lack of affect, remorse or empathy
*high manipulative - understand the rules and use them to their advantage
*do what they want, when they want and lie about it
*they don't care if they hurt your feelings, or if someone is mad at them
*hostile when provoked but very cold
* they don't feel uncomfortable when they are punished, so they don't have aversion to punishment
Depressive Disorders
Other Disorders
Adjustment Disorder- when children react strongly to change
School Phobia - children dread going to school, experience anxiety
Separation Anxiety - children get anxious and uncomfortable anywhere where their caretaker who they are attached to is not
Social Phobia - children experience anxiety in and out of school, fear being embarrassed or humiliated
* 2% of children experience depressive disorders
*Characteristics of Depression - sad, lonely, negative, hypersensitive, overreactive, low self-esteem self-critical, low energy, loss of motivation
Major Depressive Disorder - serious depressive episodes
Dysthymic Disorder - no joy in their lives, gloomy
Can they be helped?
What would Piaget say?
*3 stages of moral development
*Premoral stage - (birth to 4) children not concerned with rules and have little or no sense of morality, egocentric, they don't care about other players in the game (children who present with psychopathy are in this stage)
*Heteronomous morality - (5-8) listen to rules without question in order to avoid punishment, a period of cooperation begins
*Autonomous Morality - (8-12) learn that rules are set by society and their peers, justice is delivered fairly and can be adjusted based on what the violator intended and what society thinks is fair
*study found that warm, affectionate parenting seems to reduce callousness in children
* capacity for empathy could be strengthened because it might still exist weakly in unemotional children
* therapies that teach identifying emotions, the Golden Rule
ADHD-
*strengths based behavioral approach
*behavior strategies that record, reward, and reinforce attentive behaviors
ex - daily report cards, token economies, teachers/parents as allies
*Experiential Therapy - play therapy, adventure based counseling therapy
Depression and Anxiety
* Cognitive Counseling Strategies - children discuss their experiences and emotions
*Social Effectiveness training - educating about their fears, providing social skills training, help them become more comfortable in social situations
*Play therapy - communicate their experiences through toys and other play situations
• Piaget developed this theory to show how children view the world and their surroundings.
• Learning isn’t fixed and changes over time
• Children are not “less intelligent” than adults but rather think differently
• Interactions with nature, things around them, individuals around them and experiences helps develop a child’s actions and perception
• Understanding factors that affect cognitive development (according to Piaget)
• Schemas: A term that refers to "a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning." (piaget, 1952)--
• Assimilation: How information/ knowledge learned is applied to new situations. It is how a child incorporate new information in to an existing ‘schema’
• Accommodation: Goes in hand with assimilation. This is when a piece of information is learned but then modified in to the schema (or knowledge) that a child has previously learned. It is about reapplying new information in to previous ones.
• Equilibrium: Is what is a achieved when a new schema is obtained, it is then assimilated followed by accommodated it for future knowledge. It is about reaching a “cognitive balance”
• Disequilibrium: (cognitive dissonance) happens when there is an imbalance between what is understood and what is encountered.
• According to Piaget, this process is necessary for cognitive growth and development. important to maintain a balance between applying previous knowledge (assimilation) and changing behavior to account for new knowledge (accommodation).
• Children begin this process from a very young age and it continues through their life as new information is learned and modified.
• As counselors, understanding the process in which children learn information and then apply it can help us in beginning to understand how they understand things. During Elementary School ages, children are constantly learning and using that information and applying it to the “real world”
• Information children learn not only occurs in school but also in their experiences on the outside such as at in an around their home, things they see, things they witness, etc. As counselors, we will be able to help children understand this information learned.
• As counselors, we will encounter children who are going through many difficulties including disequilibrium. This is not a very comfortable state to be in because can feel frustrating, and challenging. This can cause fear, anxiety, and even panic. This is where learning needs to continue to take place. If children do not encounter anything that challenges the current ways of thinking or knowing, then they can’t move forward. We can help children in understanding that it is alright to be challenged, to not give up and explore new ways of learning.
Early Childhood
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What would you do as a counselor?
Problem:
Child has to repeat a prep year due to inability with following direction, inappropriate and problematic play behavior with other students and handwriting delays
Background:
5 Year Old Male Only Child
Handwriting Delays remain persistent with frequent letter reversals
Is motivated to improve in private enviornment
Regulation Skills seem to be most imapired with child lashing out at teacher, ignoring requests, not focusing and easily becomeing over stimulated
Diagnosis:
Autism Disorder Susptected with child needing individual behavioral and handwriting therapies
Treatment Strategies:
Educating Parent and Teacher
Clasroom Rearrangement
Weekly Behavioral Management Therapy and Handwriting Therapy
Adding a visual schedule system
Results:
Improved Social SKills in the classroom with less outbursts
Maintained proper timing when following visual schedule
Steady Handwriting improvements over montly timeline
Problem:
Child has major problems in getting ready for school and is consistently 45 minutes late daily, has frequent meltdowns over appearence not being perfect and is anxious to ask for help
Background:
9 Year old girl living with parents and one younger sibling, parents work so care sometimes falls on Grandmother from Mothers side
Major issues seem to be lack of general organization skills, low self-esteem and very low confidence levels
Diagnosis:
Generalized Anxiety Disorder with symptoms of social anxiety and panic disorders
Treatment Strategies:
Weekly therapy for 4 months then bi-monthly for another 2 months
Provide strategies for understanding emotions in self and in others, turning negative emotions into positive ones and learning how to play and share with others
Improved Diet
Interactive games to develop organizational skills(Cleaning and Tidy Games)
Sensorimotor activities to gain core strength and posture
Jounraling and Self Reflection
Results:
By discharge child was on time regularly
Participated in Dance and Drama
Elected to school board
Wear hair in different ways
Reversibility - The ability to think about the steps of a process in any order.
Decenter - Focus on more than one feature of a problem at a time.
Reversibility and Decentration often happen together. A well known example of joint presence is Piaget's experiments with conservation. This is the belief that an amount of quantity stays the same even if it changes apparent size or shape.
References
KathKathHow can people reach you?KK
Erford, B. T. (2017). An Advanced Lifespan Odyssey for Counseling Professionals (1st ed.).
Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Hemphill, S., Sanson, A. (2001). Matching parenting to child. Family
Matters, (59), 42-47. Retrieved from: CUNY Blackboard
Jean Piaget (n.d). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Piaget
Kahn, Jennifer. (2012, May 11). Can You Call a 9-Year-Old a Psycopath
Wadsworth, B. (1996). Piaget's Theory of Cognitive and Affective Development: Foundations of Constructivism (5th ed.).
White Plains: Longman Publishers USA, pp.13-20""
"CASE STUDIES" Kids Matters, www.kidsmatters.com.au/case-studies/.
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