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The West Between the Wars

The Futile Search for Stability

The peace settlement of World War l left many nations unhappy, and the League of Nations proved unable to deal with the crises following the war. The brief period of prosperity that began in Europe during the early 1920s ended in 1929 with the beginning of the Great Depression. This economic collapse shook people's confidence in poltical democracy and paved the way for fear and the rise of extremist parties that offered solutions to the hardships that many were ending.

French Demands

Between 1919 and 1924, desire for security led the French government to demand strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versaillies.

In April 1921,the Allied Reparations Commission determined that Germany owned 132 billion German marks (33 billion U.S. dollars) for reparations, payable in annual installments of 2.5 billion marks.

The new German republic made its first payment in 1921.

In 1914, 4.2 marks equal 1 U.S. dollar. By November 1, 1923, it took 130 billion marks to equal a dollar. By the end of November, the ratio had increased to an incredible 4.2 trillion marks to 1 dollar. In August 1924, an international commision produced a new plan for reparations.

The Treaty of Locarno

In 1925 they signed the Treaty of Locorno , which guaranteed Germany's new western borders with France and Belguim.

The new spirit of cooperation grew even stronger when Germany joined the league of Nations in March.

The Great Depression

The brief period of prosperity that began in Europe in 1924 ended in an economoic collapse that came to be known as the Great Depression. Durning the 1920s, the US stock market boomed and by 1928, American investers pulled money out of Germany to invest it in the stock market. Then in October 1929, the U.S stock market crashed, and stock prices plunged. In may 1931 Viennas well-known Creditunstault bank collpsed. However, the extent of the economic downtown after 1929 truly made this the depression, nearly 1 in every 4 british wokers was unemployed. Everwhere, democracy seemed on the defence in the 1930s.

The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

Introduction

Benito Mussolini

After WWI European democracy, was under threat. France and Britain remained democratic, but in Italy and Russia, a new kind of dictatorship emerged with Mussolini's fascist state Italy and Stalin's totalitarian rule in Russia. Other Western states like Spain tried to keep old elites in power with authoritarian regimes. The apparent triump of democracy in Europe in 1919 was very short-lived.

Spain

Political democracy failed to survive. Although the middle class and intellectuals supported the Second Republic, the new government began falling apart shortly after it was created in 1931. Rivalries between political parties and personal rivalries between therir leaders tore Spain apart. Spains Second Reublic lasted only five years, three months, and three days. Francisco Franco rose rapidly within the militayr ranks. He became Europe's youngest general. When chaos swept spain, the spanish military forces under Franco's leadership revolted against the democratic government in 1936. The spanish republican government was aided by 400,000 foreign volunteers. The Soviet Union sent in trucks, planes, tanks, and military advisers. The Spanish Civil War came to an end when Franco's forces captured Madrid in 1939. In April of that year, Franco issued a statement.

Joseph Stalin

The Rise of Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality. Governing the Soviet Union from the mid-1920's. He ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as criminal activities, as a young man. After Lenin

In the early 1920's set up the first European fascist movement in Italy. Mussolini began his political career as a socialist. In 1919 he created a new political group, the Fascio Di Combattimento, or League of combat.

died in 1924, Stalin eventually outmaneuvered his rivals and won the power struggle for control of the Communist Party. By the late 1920s, he had become dictator of the Soviet Union. In 1924 Trotsky held the post of commissar of war. Stalin held the bureaucratic job of party general secretary . The general secretary appointed regional, district, city , and town party officials. Thus this bureacratic job actually became the most important position in the paty. B

By 1922, Mussolini's movement was growing quickly. The middle-class fear of socialism, communism, and disordere made the Fascists increasingly attractive to many people. Mussolini knew that many Italians were still angry over the peace settlement.

In 1922 Mussolini and Fascists threatened to march on Rome if they were not given powe. Victor Emmanuel III, the king if Italy , gave in and made Mussolini prime minister. Mussolini used his position as prime to create a Fascist dictatorship. New laws gave the government the right to stop any publications that criticized the Catholic church, the monarchy,or state.

Hitler and Nazi Germany

Intro

Recovering from the humilating loss of WWl and from the Great Depression, Germans found extremist parties more attractive. Adolf Hitler's Nazi party promised to build a new Germany, and his party's propaganda appealed to the German sense of national honor. The new Germany that Hitler envisioned did not include any group the Nazi considered inferior, especially the Jewish people.

Nazis believed that the world had already seen two German empires, or reichs the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire of 1871 to 1918.

Economics and Spectacles

Unemployment, which had reached more than 5 million people in 1932, dropped to 2.5 million in 1934 and less than 500,000 in 1934 and less than 500,000 in 1937.

Anti-Semitic Policies

In September 1935, the Nazis announced new racial laws at the annual party rally in Nuremburg. A more violent phase of anti-Jewish activity began on the night of November 9, 1938- Kristallnacht, or the "night of shattered glass. " In a destructive rampage, Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed some 7,000 Jewish businesses. At least 100 Jews were killed.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was born April 20,1889. He wasn't so successful in his academics and when he traveled to Vienna to become an artist, he was rejected by the academy. Here he develop his basic social and politcal ideas. But at the core of Hitler was racism, especially towards the Jews.

In 1919 he joined the little-known German Workers' Party, one of several right-wing extreme nationalist parties in Munich. By the summer of 1921, Hitler had taken total control of the party. Within two years, party membership had grown to 55,000 people, with 15,000 in the party milita. An overconfident Hitler staged and armed uprising against the goverment in Munich in November 1923.

Nazi

By 1929, it had a national party organization. Three years later, it had 800,000 members and had become the largest party in the Reichstag-the German parliament.

Where later on, unemployment had risen dramatically, growing from 4.35 million in 1931 to about 5.5 million by the winter of 1932. After 1930, the German goverment ruled by decree with the support of President Hindenberg. Under pressure, Hindenburg agree

to allow Hitler to become chancellor in 1933 and create a new government. Hitler's "legal seizure" of power came on March 23, 1933, when two-thirds vote of the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act. By the end of the summer of 1933, only seven months after being appointed chancellor, Hitler had established the basis for a totalitoarian state. When Hindenburg died in 1934, the office of president was abolished. Hitler became sole ruler of Germany .

President Hindenburg

The Nazi-State

Cultral and Itellectual Trends

Cultural and Intellectual Trends

Mass communications as a propaganda tool was born durning World War 1 as governments worked to win citizen support for the war.In the 1920s and 1930s, people worldwide felt the effects of the Great depression And politcan instability .The arts and sciences reflected the changes occurring in people's ideas about the world.

Pablo Picasso created his famous mural Guernica for the 1937 World's Fair in Paris.

The

Detail

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