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The Cell theory is based on 3 main concepts:
The cell theory was developed by the following 6 scientists.
He was born on July 28th in the year 1635 and lived in Isle of Wight England.
He was educated at Oxford's Christ Church College, and was working as an assistant for the scientist Robert Boyle.
With Boyle's aid, he was appointed curator of experiments for the Royal Society of London in 1662.
He studied a wide range of sciences from astronomy to biology to physics, and he is known mainly for the law of elasticity, known as the Hooke law, and for his observations made from looking at a cork under a microscope.
He passed away in 1703 at the age of 67.
With the advancements of the microscope,Hooke gained a curiosity for the microscopic world, and improved the design of the existing compound microscope in 1665.
With that, he wanted to look at everything he got his hands on and landed upon a cork.
His observation was that the cork looked as if it was made of tiny pores, or a honey comb, which he then later came to call “cells” because they reminded him of the cells in a monastery.
With this new knowledge spreading, the gears of many scientists around the world started to turn
Robert Hooke's Cell drawing
Robert Hooke's Microscope of 1665
He was born on April 5th in the year 1804, and he lived in Hamburg Germany.
He was educated at the University of Heidelberg and practiced law in Hamburg but later on he discovered he had another passion for botany(the study of plants) and pursued its study with much curiosity.
With his transfer into to the study of plants, Schleiden enrolled into the University of Berlin, where he was encouraged to study plant embryology. It is in Berlin, that Schleiden met Theodor Schwann(see scientist 3 for more information).
Together, Schleiden and Schwann studied the cell theory and both played a major role in its development.
Schleiden again transferred to the University of Jena in Germany, where he had received his doctorate in botany in 1839.
He then worked for the University of Jena as a professor in botany and studied a range of topics in which he lectured and published. His philosophy was to study the plants themselves, not just books, and that the objective of botanical science was to look at the entire living plant, not solely a particular part.
He died on June 23rd 1881 at the age of 77.
With his new found passion for botany, Schleiden was fascinated with plants and investigated them microscopically.
He had formulated that plants were made up of recognizable units, or cells. He then concluded that all plant tissues are composed of cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell.
From this, he declared that "the cell is the basic building block of all plant
matter". This statement of Schleiden was the first main concept of the cell theory.
Schleiden had believed that cells were “seeded” by the nucleus and grew from there. However, later discoveries proved this to be false.
He was born on December 7th in the year 1810 and and lived in Neuss, Prussia Germany.
He was educated at Jesuit college in Cologne, Germany. There he was influenced by the religious, and remained a devout Roman Catholic throughout his life.
In 1829, he started studying medicine and natural sciences at the University of Bonn and in 1834, after graduating with a medical degree from the University of Berlin, Schwann assisted the renowned physiologist Johannes Peter Müller.
In 1834, Schwann obtained his M.D. and accepted Müller’s offer to work as his research assistant in Berlin. Where he was acquainted with German botanist Matthias Schleiden.
He died on January 11th in the year 1882 at the age of 71 years.
Similar to Schleiden, Schwann studied cells but not in plants but in animals.
He discovered that animal tissues are composed of cells, and ended speculations that plants and animals were different in structure.
Schwann then went and studied the peripheral nerve cells and in doing so he discovered a new type of cell surrounding the axons and neurons of nerve fibers – the cells he discovered are now called Schwann cells.
Schwann and Schleiden together, identified key differences between the two cell types, (animal and plant respectively), and put forth the idea that cells were the fundamental units of both plants and animals.
Schwans theory had stated that: 1. Cells are organisms and all organisms consist of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms and that plants and animals consist of combinations of these structures. Simply put, the cell is the basic unit of life.
This statement was the second generalization concerning cells, and it became known as the cell theory.
Just like Schleiden, a misconception for Schwann was that he believed that animal cells “crystalized” from the material between other cells. However, later discoveries proved this to be false.
Born October 13, 1821, in Swidwin, Poland
German pathologist and statesman, one of the 19th century's most influential physicians.
By applying the theory of cells to explain the effects of disease in organ and tissue, he developed the contemporary concept of pathological processes.
Died September 5, 1902, Berlin, Germany
In 1855, Virchow published an observational statement based on "Omnis cellula e cellula" that indicated that all cells originate from pre-existing cells. It wasn't a new idea. A scientist named Robert Remak had written about this, but it still got some attention for the first time in the history of modern biology and was a hallmark. It was thought that new cells were formed from a fluid named blastema, before this hypothesis was introduced by Virchow. Differences in blastemas were also recognized in the early 1850s to cause diseases. Virchow used the idea that all cells come from existing cells as the basis for cell pathology or a cellular disease analysis. His work has made it evident that cellular diseases exist. His success led to researchers providing a more precise diagnosis of diseases.
Born March 27, 1817, in Kilchberg, Switzerland
He researched division of cells and pollination, but became known as the man who deterred Gregor Mendel of further genetic research. He rejected natural choice as a mechanism for development which favored orthogenesis, motivated by a so-called "inner perfection theory."
Died May 10, 1891, in Munich, Germany
In 1858 he proved the significance of the cell sequence in deciding the shape of the plant sections. During his studies of various types of starch, he devised the hypothetical micella (structure unit) which was used as a basis for understanding the structure of starch grains. Nageli had also discovered the existence of the cell membrane and studied cell division and realized that the wall between daughter cells is the result of cell division. He had proven Schleiden's theory of cells budding off the nuclear surface to be incorrect.
Born December 27, 1822, in Dole, France
He was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist known for his work on vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization concepts. His impressive breakthroughs in infectious causes and disease prevention have reminded him, and his results have saved many lives.
Died September 28, 1895, in Marnes-la-Coquette, France
By refuting the spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur contributed to cell theory. He was the first scientist to show that only preexisting cells can form cells. He did this by creating a test which shows that the cells grow in broth only when the air is exposed.
He did his own experiment using a swan neck bottle and sterilized the bacteria in the broth by boiling, and he theorized that living particles were in the air and would then get caught in the crook of the bottle leaving the broth with no new growth of living organisms. Disproving the spontaneous generation of bacteria.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1676
Known as the "Father of Microbiology", From investigating and experimenting with his microscope, Leeuwenhoek had observed an abundant number of single-celled organisms, which he called animalcules swimming in a drop of pond water
Anton's Microscope
Anton's Discoveries
In 1852, Robert Remak (1815–1865), published convincing evidence that cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division.
However, Rudolf Virchow published an editorial essay entitled “Cellular Pathology,” which popularized the concept of cell theory using the Latin phrase omnis cellula a cellula (“all cells arise from cells”
Virchow’s editorial piece would certainly be considered an act of plagiarism, since he presented Remak’s ideas as his own.
“The World Standard in Knowledge since 1768.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/.
“Home.” Biology LibreTexts, 7 Dec. 2019, bio.libretexts.org/.
Editors, BD. Biology Dictionary, 23 Apr. 2020, biologydictionary.net/.
National Geographic Society. “History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell.” National Geographic Society, 22 May 2019, www.nationalgeographic.org/article/history-cell-discovering-cell/.