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Biomes
Biomes
A biome is a large region of Earth that has a certain climate and certain types of living things.
Major biomes include:
- Tundra
- Forests
- Deserts
- Grasslands
- Marine
- Freshwater
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Ecosystems are smaller areas in biomes where organisms live.
Plants and animals that live in ecosystems depend on each other for survival.
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra is the coldest biome. There are three types of tundra:
- Arctic Tundra
- Antarctic Tundra
- Alpine Tundra
Arctic Tundra
Arctic Tundra
The Arctic Tundra is a very harsh environment. Only the toughest can survive.
Location
The Arctic Tundra is found in the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Russia. Most of the region can be found within the Arctic Circle.
Climate
Winter
Winters are very long. They last about 8 months. At this time of the year, the temperature is around -34 degrees celsius to -45 degrees celsius.
Summer
Summers last about 50-60 days in the Arctic. Temperatures are between 3 degrees celsius and 12 degrees celsius.
Animals
Animals
There are many animals that live in the Arctic Tundra.
Some examples are:
- Polar Bears
- The Arctic Fox
- Musk Oxen
- Wolves
- Snow Owls
- Caribou (Reindeer)
Adaptions for Animals
- Some animals can turn brown in summer to white in winter.
- Many animals have a layer of fat under their skin called blubber to keep them warm.
- Many animals migrate to warmer places in winter.
- Animals have short ears, tails and legs to reduce heat loss.
- Extra layers of fur to keep them warm.
- Being a big animal that is able to retain energy
Plants
A few plants that live in the Arctic Tundra are:
- Moss
- Lichen
- Bearberries
- Seasonal Grass
- Pasque Flower
- Cotton Grass
Adaptions for Plants
- Plants have short roots as not far below, there is a layer of frozen soil called permafrost. It is impossible for plants with long roots to grow in the Arctic as the permafrost blocks the roots.
- Many plants like moss grow in thick clumps. They look like one plant but are many plants. Growing in bundles gives shelter from harsh conditions.
- Some Arctic plants use the wind to spread their seeds further and increase their chances of survival.
Alpine Tundra
Alpine Tundra
The word alpine means "very high up." Alpine tundra can be found on mountain tops, 10,000 ft. or higher. The ground is made of rocks and soil and is covered by snow for 9-10 months of the year. There isn't much permafrost there.
Climate
In the Alpine Tundra, the temperature is around -12 degrees celsius..
Climate
Animals
A few animals that live in the Alpine Tundra are:
- Elk (Moose)
- Mountain Goats
- Pikas
- Sheep
- Beetles
- Butterflies
- Grasshoppers
- Chinchilas
Adaptions for Animals
- Hibernating
- Migrating to warmer places
- Insulating bodies with layers of fat.
- Having larger lungs so they can breath in more oxygen as there is very little air on mountain tops
- More blood cells and blood that can deal with lower level of oxygen and higher altitude.
Adaptions for Animals
Plants
A few plants of the Alpine Tundra are:
- Grasses
- Sedges
- Moss
- Lichen
Adaptions for Plants
- Many plants grow in groups.
- Some plants have hair on their stems, which trap heat and give plants protection from the wind.
- Some flowers are cupped shaped and move with the sun. This allows more sunlight to go towards the center helping the plant grow quickly.
Antarctic Tundra
Antarctic Tundra
The Antarctic Tundra it is the coldest place on Earth. It is found in Antarctica. The temperature over there is usually around -49 degrees celsius, but it had once gone down all the way till -89 degrees celsius!
Animals
A few animals that live in the Antarctic tundra are:
- Penguins
- Midges
- Albatrosses
- Skua
- Antarctic Land Invertebrates
Adaptions for Animals
- Some birds, like the Arctic Tern migrate from Antarctica to warmer places during winter.
- Some animals have a layer of fat to keep warm.
Adaptions for Animals
Plants
Plants
These are some of the plants that live in the Antarctic Tundra:
- Moss
- Lichen
- Liverwort
There are only two species of flowers in the Antarctic Tundra. They are the Antarctic Hair Grass, and the Antarctic Pearlwort.
Adaptions for Plants
- Many plants grow together to stay warm It also protects them from any damage caused by the harsh wind of the Antarctic Tundra.