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Climate Change

Impacts on Landscapes

Coastal loss

Global Impact

The coastal bluff along East Cliff Drive in Santa Cruz, California is especially vulnerable to rising sea level during big storms.

Credit: https://www.usgs.gov/

The world's coastlines are at risk from coastal erosion and inundation. Earth’s coastal inhabitants have seen the seas rise by an average of 7.8 to 9 millimeters annually (Stone, 2021).

a man standing in a pool of water next to a seawall

The Jakarta Bay seawall protects the city from being inundated by the sea. Due to rising sea levels, the capital is considered one of the world's fastest sinking cities.

Credit: IAN TEH, PANOS PICTURES/REDUX from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/

ENVIRONMENTNEWS

Ice Sheets and Glaciers

Rising temperatures caused by the climate crisis have already melted trillions of tons of the Greenland ice sheet. Melting its ice sheet completely would eventually raise global sea level by 7m.

Credit:https://www.carbonbrief.org/

Global Impact

Our polar ice caps are melting due to global-warming caused climate change. About 10% of land area on Earth is covered with glacial ice. Almost 90% is in Antarctica, while the remaining 10% is in the Greenland ice cap. Artic summer sea ice is being hit the hardest as we lose Arctic sea ice at a rate of almost 13% per decade (WWF, 2022).

Nansen Ice Shelf, Antarctica with rivers and waterfalls of meltwater.

Credit: Won-Sang-Lee Korean Polar Research Institute from https://www.antarcticscienceplatform.org.nz/

Thawing Permafrost

Regional Impact

Permafrost covers 24% of the surface of land masses in the Northern Hemisphere and has become extremely vulnerable to climate change (Bykova & Bykova, 2020).

Thawing Artic permafrost coastline.

Credit: https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/

Landslides

Regional impact

As climate change continues extreme storms can be expected to increase in frequency and strength and can produce landscape effects including landslides, debris flows, earthflows, and rockfalls (Palmer, 2020).

Massive landslide damage in the mountains of Puerto Rico after the extreme rainfall from Hurricane Maria in 2017. Credit: Erin Bessette-Kirton, USGS from https://eos.org/

Thank You!

Citations

Stone M (2021) Sinking land and rising seas: The dual crises facing Coastal Communities. In: Environment. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/sinking-land-rising-seas-dual-crises-facing-coastal-communities. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

(2019) Guest post: The state of the greenland ice sheet in 2015. In: Carbon Brief. https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-state-of-the-greenland-ice-sheet-in-2015. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

A. E. East and J. B. Sankey (2020) How is modern climate change affecting landscape processes? In: Eos. https://eos.org/editors-vox/how-is-modern-climate-change-affecting-landscape-processes. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

Bykova A, Bykova A (2020) Permafrost thaw in A warming world: The Arctic Institute's Permafrost Series Fall-Winter 2020. In: The Arctic Institute. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/permafrost-thaw-warming-world-arctic-institute-permafrost-series-fall-winter-2020/. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

Santa Cruz coastal erosion. In: Santa Cruz coastal erosion | U.S. Geological Survey. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/santa-cruz-coastal-erosion. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit. In: Coastal Erosion | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit. https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/coastal-flood-risk/coastal-erosion. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

Why are glaciers and sea ice melting? In: WWF. https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/why-are-glaciers-and-sea-ice-melting. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

Palmer J (2020) A slippery slope: Could climate change lead to more landslides? In: Eos. https://eos.org/features/a-slippery-slope-could-climate-change-lead-to-more-landslides. Accessed 10 Feb 2022

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