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Transcript

Jewish Response to the

Roman

Conquest

Simon

140 B.C.

the last of the brothers, becomes the high priest and king of the independent Hasmonean state. Simon was assassinated by his son-in-law

John Hyrcanus

134 B.C.

During his reign as king and high priest, diplomatic foreign relations were maintained with Rome, Sparta, and Athens. He was also successful in annexing additional territory thereby expanding the kingdom to lands on the eastern side of the Jordan River. In the process he destroyed the Samaritan temple in Shechem and forced the conversion of Idumaeans in the south.

Judah Aristobulus

104 B.C.

John Hyrcanus died in 104 BC, and was succeeded briefly by his son. He conquered the remainder of the Galilee and forced the conversion of the Ituraeans.

Alexander Janneus

103 B.C.

Judah Aristobulus's brother, assumed the throne and continued the expansion of the state.

Salome Alexandra

76 B.C.

at a time when Roman influence was increasing in the region. Her son Hyrcanus II served as high priest during this period.

Salome died

67 B.C.

a conflict arose between her two sons Hyrcanus II and Aristobolus II. The people supported Aristobolus II, but Antipater, an Idumean, supported Hyrcanus II and with the military support of the Nabatean king Aretas, who had lost territory to the Judea, marched to Jerusalem and demanded that Hyrcanus II be reinstated as high priest and be appointed king.

Pompey

66 B.C.

was ordered by the Roman Senate to Asia Minor to put down a rebellion in Pontus. Pompey successfully suppressed the rebellion. In Asia Minor, He heard of the succession crisis in Judea from his general, Scaurus, who had been sent to Syria. Scaurus was ordered to attempt in capitalizing the situation in Judea for Rome. Upon hearing that, a Roman general was on his way to Judea.

Pompey

63 B.C.

He marched on Jerusalem and Aristobolus II faced him in Jericho. The people of Jerusalem shut the gates of the city to defend against Pompey. But as Pompey marched on the city, the gates were opened to him by the followers of Hyrcanus. The supporters of Aristobolus II, were forced to take refuge in the Temple and Pompey made a siege. Three months later Pompey’s soldiers broke through the walls and massacre of Jews ensured.

Hyrcanus II

49 B.C.

Through Roman Civil Wars in 49 BC and 44 BC, he was able to hold on to power in Judea with the help of his friend Antipater. For his support during the first Civil War, Caesar appointed Hyrcanus II as ethnarch of the Jews, but it was Antipater, not Hyrcanus II who actually ruled in Jerusalem. Antipater was not a Jew but an Idumean. Antipater had two sons: Phasael and Herod, both of whom would play a role in determining the Roman ruler of Judea.

Antigonus

the son of Aristobulus II. took Hyrcanus II and Phasael prisoners but Herod escaped to Masada and eventually made it to Rome. He was able to gain the confidence of Marc Antony and Octavius and the Roman senate granted Herod the title of king of the Judea.

40 B.C.

Herod

37 B.C.

with the assistance of the Roman Army, Herod took control in Judea. His rule in Judea was upheld by a system’s harsh oppression imposed by the Roman Army and harsh restrictions against unlawful assemblies in efforts to control disruptive Jewish factions. Herod died in 4 BC, and his will directed that his kingdom be divided among three of his sons, Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.

Jewish Revolt against Rome

4 B.C.

Gessius Florus

AD. 64

Eleazar

AD. 66

The Internal Power Struggles

AD. 66

The Battle of Beth-Horon

AD. 66

Independent Jerusalem

AD. 66

Vespasian

AD. 67

Titus

AD. 70

The Fortress Masada

AD. 73

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