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South Korean Policy Brief
3
South Korea
Policy Brief for the North Korean Nuclear Crisis
Domestic Government
The Republic of Korea, unofficially known as South Korea, is a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is the head of state, and a multi-party system is present. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises a Supreme Court, appellate courts and a Constitutional Court. Since 1948, the constitution has undergone five major revisions, each signifying a new republic. The current Sixth Republic began with the last major constitutional revision in 1987. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated South Korea as the 20th most democratic country in 2017, the highest ranked Asian country and above Belgium, France or the United States.
The government of South Korea is split into three different branches; the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial.
Domestic Policy
Executive
Branch
The Executive Branch
The executive branch is headed by the president. The president is elected directly by the people and is the only elected member of the national executive. The president serves for one five-year term; additional terms are not permitted. The president is head of government, head of state, and commander in chief of the South Korean armed forces. The president is vested with the power to declare war, and can also propose legislation to the National Assembly. He or she can also declare a state of emergency or martial law, subject to the Assembly's subsequent approval. The President can veto bills, subject to a two-thirds majority veto override by the National Assembly. However, the president does not have the power to dissolve the National Assembly. The president is assisted in his or her duties by the Prime Minister of South Korea as well as the Presidential Secretariat. The Prime Minister is appointed by the president upon the approval of the National Assembly and has the power to recommend the appointment or dismissal of the Cabinet ministers. The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is assisted in his/her duties by the Prime Minister's Office which houses both the Office for Government Policy Coordination and the Prime Minister’s Secretariat, the former of which is headed by a cabinet-level minister and the latter by a vice minister-level chief of staff. In the event that the president is unable to fulfil his duties, the Prime Minister assumes the president's powers and takes control of the state until the President can once again fulfil his/her duties or until a new president is elected. In the event that they are suspected of serious wrongdoing, the president and cabinet-level officials are subject to impeachment by the National Assembly. Once the National Assembly votes in favour of the impeachment the Constitutional Court should either confirm or reject the impeachment resolution, once again reflecting the system of checks and balances between the three branches of the government
Legislative
Branch
The Legislative Branch
At the national level, the legislative branch consists of the National Assembly of South Korea. This is a unicameral legislature; it consists of a single large assembly. Most of its 300 members are elected from single-member constituencies; however, 56 are elected through proportional representation. The members of the National Assembly serve for four years; in the event that a member is unable to complete his or her term, a by-election is held. The National Assembly is charged with deliberating and passing legislation, auditing the budget and administrative procedures, ratifying treaties, and approving state appointments. In addition, it has the power to impeach or recommend the removal of high officials. Currently, seven political parties are represented in the National Assembly, with the Democratic Party of Korea being the largest.
Judicial
Branch
The Judicial Branch
The judicial branch includes the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, regional appellate courts, and local district, branch, municipal, and specialized courts. All courts are under the jurisdiction of the national judiciary; independent local courts are not permitted. The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branch of government and the final court of appeal for all cases in South Korean law. The Supreme Court, seated in Seoul, consists of fourteen Justices, including one Chief Justice. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has the power over all court administration and can recommend court-related legislation to the National Assembly. The Justices must be at least 40 years old, and have at least 15 years of experience practicing law. They serve for six-year terms; the Chief Justice cannot be reappointed, but the other justices can. Below the Supreme Court come appellate courts, stationed in five of the country's major cities. Appellate courts typically consist of a panel of three judges. Below these are district courts, which exist in most of the large cities of South Korea. Below these are branch and municipal courts, positioned all over the country and limited to small claims and petty offenses. Specialized courts also exist for family, administrative, and patent cases. The Constitutional Court, independent from the Supreme Court, is charged purely with constitutional review and with deciding cases of impeachment. Other judicial matters are overseen by the Supreme Court. The Constitutional Court consists of nine judges. Of these, three are recommended by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, three by the National Assembly, and three by the president; however, all must be appointed by the president. The President of the Constitutional Court is appointed by the national president, subject to the approval of the National Assembly. The members of the court serve for six-year renewable terms, and cannot be older than 65 (except for the President of the court, who may be as old as 70)
Political and Diplomatic Relations
Foreign
Policy
North
Korea
North Korea
South Korea maintains a tense relationship with its norther neighbour; albeit one that has improved significantly in the past year. Both sides publicly claim a willingness to pursue constructive negotiations to achieve peaceful reunification. North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in have met three times to pursue negotiations.
China
China
South Korea and China have a relatively positive relationship despite a long history of poor relations during the Cold War. In recent years the two countries have endeavoured to boost their strategic and cooperative partnership in numerous sectors. Despite the improved diplomatic relations, tensions still exist over the issue of Korean unification.
Russia
Russia
South Korean relations with Russia are positive, although the two countries are not especially close with a larger emphasis on economic cooperation.
U.S.A
United States of America
South Korea considers America to be an essential ally; one that has provided it with considerable economic and military support for decades. The U.S has a significant military presence in the country spanning across 26 air force, navy and army bases.
Japan
Japan
South Korean relations with Japan have deteriorated in recent years over a number of disputes and controversies such as those in the Sea of Japan. However, despite this South Korea still sees Japan as an essential ally in the region.
Strategic Security Aims
and
Military Capability
With its population, military and economic capabilities far east and pacific region has drawn world’s attention. South Korea become vital actors in the region with its $1.6 billion GDP, around 600.000 modern military, modern and educated population. To secure its sovereignty and national security South Korea built up close relations and produced varieties of strategies with USA, China, japan and Russia. South Korea’s mission is to unify with North Korea and strengthen its relation with other continues. South Korea’s aim is to keep peace and stability, secure its population and increase its reputation internationally. In order to achieve this aim, South Korea set its mission to cooperate with USA and increase its defence capabilities. However, North Korea’s nuclear policy escalated tensions in between the South-North Korea after the end of Cold War. Ministry of defence has three fundamental aims to achieve which are; to keep the peace, follow a pragmatic foreign policy which is to keep all options alive and increase international security. In order to accomplish this goal South Korea must achieve eight fundamental tasks. (1) Defence system for comprehensive security, (2) cooperation with USA and widen its defence policy, (3) military support to strengthen relations with North Korea, (4) increase military capability, (5) create a developed military skill, (6) create better conditions for the military personnel, (7) implement national security management and finally (8) create an arm that will serve the public.
Ministry of Defence
Military Strategy
Strategy
Is largely based around OPLAN 5015 (updated OPLAN 2027)
It entails a defensive strategy against a surprise north Korean invasion.It’s a swift & more energetic military response than the old plan
involving: US & SK coalition:
- Strategic attacks on NK Headquarter buildings & communication facilities
- Concept of pre-emptive strikes, assassinations, Special Forces operations, and the use of precision weapons
- Attempt to minimise casualties and keep it a limited war
- The US would be providing both naval and aerial support whilst the Korean army act as the boots on the ground
Military Capabilities
South Korea’s defence budget is calculated around $38bn and reserves of foreign exchange and gold is $384bn, which shows how much logistics it can contribute towards the national security system and to the military.
On land South Korea currently has 625,000 active military personnel and over 5 million reserve personnel. On air, taking all capabilities and strengths into consideration its currently ranked 4th in the world out of 137 countries. On sea, South Korea currently ranked 14th in the world out of 137 countries with 166 naval assets.
Military Capabilities
Ministry of Intelligence
Ministry of Culture
The Ministry of Culture aim to establish a propaganda campaign, promoting South Korean stability politically and economically, drawing direct comparisons to the North Korean regime. In order to do this, we will control Fake News and negative stories from leaving South Korea, appearing to be strong at all times in comparison to our Northern neighbours. To further this aim, the Ministry of Culture aim to promote South Korean values, implementing the all inclusive way of life that is experienced here, ensuring these values are reflected in the policies being created inside South Korea.
Ministry
of
Culture
Unification Aims
Ministry of
Unification
Introduced by the Millennium Democratic Party of South Korea under President Kim Dae-jung, as part of a campaign pledge to "actively pursue reconciliation and cooperation" with North Korea, the Sunshine Policy was intended to create conditions of economic assistance and cooperation for reunification, rather than sanctions and military threats. The plan was divided into three parts: increased cooperation through inter-Korean organizations (while maintaining separate systems in the North and South), national unification with two autonomous regional governments, and finally the creation of a central national government.
Ministry of Economics
From December 2018, South Koreas economic status was improving regarding sales and consumerism. However, investment, employment and industrial production fell. Due to this, trade with China, the US and Brexit negotiations are found to be uncertain. This weakening in economic self-investment left the housing market falling drastically.
In response to these figures, framework for long term improvement has been devised for 2019 implementation. This focuses on inclusive growth and is structured on the governments three main priorities; income-led growth, ‘innovative growth’ (growth led by industrial innovation), and a fair economy (an economy that works for all). The framework for the 2019 policies is as follows:
> Boost the economy
> Work on industrial restructuring
> Pursue inclusive growth
> Address mid- to long-term challenges
It is the hope of these implementations that South Koreas economy will grow for the people. Thereby giving them more freedoms, such as freedom of economic movement, healthcare and private property. This additional strength to the public and nation will hopefully gain more trade alliances. Securing the previously mentioned fragile agreements with China, the US and Britain/ EU - following Brexit. This creates an interest in said partners to protect and support, against potential threats from the North. With this larger global strength and their own countries stability it would then be best for the people on both sides of the border to become united. Sharing culture, prosperity, heritage and government - growing financial prospects and freedom to benefit the largest possible number.t
Ministry
of Economics
Conclusion
Should the North agree to the following motion, we plan to unite the peninsular by inputting free elections. Once united we would pledge no foreign military bases in the old North Korean half of the peninsular to hopefully carry on good trade and relations with the chinese. We should hope to be a mediator between China and Russia and the West. The nuclear weapons programme would then be abolished and united Korea shall the become a signature state of the NPT once again. We shall then build up employment and industry in the north with the aims to tackle the large amount of poverty in the area.