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Alexis Carrel: the pioneer of organ transplantation
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Alexis Carrel: the pioneer of organ transplantation
Dafne Marcelli
Francesca Carretta
Flavia Radicchi
LIFE
LYON DAYS
- Carrel was born on 28 June 1873 in Lyon in the Croix Rousse district, known as the “hill that works" because of the many textile factories
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- He attended the Jesuit school: their pedagogy encouraged “ individualism, leadership and reflection”.
- After two years basic studies in anatomy and physiology he started clinical training in 1893
Jaboulay and his research on methods of joining blood vessels
LYON MEDICINE
- The method consisted in simply stitching
- These stitches were passed through the vessels and back again nearby with the knot tied on one side only.
Carrel will later call them "Jaboulay stitches"
CARREL ON
JABOULAY
CARREL'S METHOD
Carrel's method
The suture
Carrel's paper of 1902:
- use of smaller needles, and he use finer linen or cotton thread obtained from the local lace-making industry.
- He did not put the stitches through the entire wall of the larger vessels to be joined, but described that he skimmed their surfaces.
The thread suture did not penetrate into the blood stream inside the new junction of the vessel, diminishing the chances of internal clotting
NEW LIFE IN THE USA
New Life in North America
- In 1903 he moved to Chicago where he started working at the physiology department of Chicago University’s Hull Biological Laboratory.
- In Chicago John Murphy had evolved a novel method of joining the bowel after the removal of diseased or damaged segments. In this he used his own “Murphy button” method, rather than stitching the bowels
- In 1905 he was introduced to Guthrie
GUTHRIE ABOUT CARREL
“Personally to me Carrel was sophisticated, polished and interesting, engaging, intriguing, pleasing and of likeable personality and appearance , with a delightful sense of humor, with a twinkling blue and brown eye as could sometimes be seen through his near-sighted lenses.”
New Studies
Put the stitches through the entire wall of the blood vessels, as had Jaboulay.
Better straight needles
The importance of crossing fields of knowledge
finer stitching material, namely silk “ravelings”- the extra fine threads taken from the silk cloth used to make sieves for flour.
The success of the Carrel- Guthrie method
Reason 2
Reason 3
Reason 1
faster accomplishment
attention to detail
constant practice of one skill
THE SURGICAL SHOWMAN
- in 1906 he moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
- Carrel would have always provided good new experiments at the Rockefeller Institute for medical research
THE NOBEL PRIZE
Here's a place for the fourth part of your presentation. And to the right, there are subsections for more specific detail.
Carrel's skills
Carrel was chosen for the 1912 Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine “in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs” .
Carrel at work
The speech
Carrel's speech for the Nobel Prize
“The idea of replacing diseased organs by sound ones, of putting back an amputated limb or even of grafting a new limb on to a patient who has undergone an amputation, is far from being original. Many surgeons before me have had this idea, but they were prevented from applying it, owing to the lack of a method for reestablishing immediately a normal circulation through the transplanted structures. It was of fundamental importance to first discover a suitable method of uniting the blood-vessels of the new organ to those of its host. “
The surgeon Renè Lariche wrote about him:
“His small hands with agile and ingenious fingers were working with remarkable precision. He worked with his bare hands and it was a wonder to see him maneuver those thin needles and above all his thin silk, never missing either a stitch or a knot. He was certainly, with Jaboulay, the most beautiful surgical hand I have ever seen among the many observed”.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Carrel at work
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Theodore I. Manlin. Surgery and life. The extraordinary Career of Alexis Carrel. (1979). New York. Harcout Trade Publishers. 242 pages.
- David Hamilton. The first Transplanted Surgeon. The flawed genius of Nobel Prize Winner, Alexis Carrel. (2017) . USA office: 27 Warren street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack,NJ. UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 587 pages.
- Alexis Carrel. Man the Unknown. (1935). New York. Harper and Brothers. Translated as L'Homme cet inconnu (1935). Paris. Plon. 299 pages.
- Shervin B. Nouland. Doctors: The Illustrated History of Medical Pioneers. (2008). New York. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 480 pages.
SITOGRAPHY
SITOGRAPHY
Alexis Carrel - Biographical - NobelPrize.org: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1912/carrel/biographical/
Alexis Carrel - Banquet speech - NobelPrize.org: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1912/carrel/speech/
Award ceremony speech - NobelPrize.org: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1912/carrel/speech/
Final placement of Murphy Botton for internal surgical anastomosis: http://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/exhibits/show/bigelow-and-warren-teaching-wa/item/13351
Alexis Carrel: https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL128974A/Alexis_Carrel
Alexis Carrel: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexis-Carrel