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COPD Concept Map
Transcript
COPD Concept Map
By Kyanna Johnson
Pathophysiology
Patho
- Chronic inflammatory response occurs through the airway, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. The inflammation narrrows the airways
- An increase in goblet cells leads to enlarged submucosal glands causing excessive mucus secretion
- Long term, this can cause scar formation, destroy the alveoli, thicken lining of blood vessels, and hypertrophy of smooth muscle tissue
Types
- Chronic Bronchitis: obstruction of the small airways causing cough and excessive sputum production
- also called blue bloaters
- Emphysema: enlargement of the air space within the bronchioles and alveoli. Prone to alveolar collapse upon expiration and air trapping
- also call pink puffers
Types of COPD
Risk Factors
- History of smoking
- Prolonged exposure to air pollutants (e.g., occupational dust and chemicals)
- Genetics: alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency
Risk Factors
Diagonisis
Testing
- Testing to confirm diagnosis:
- spirometry: used to evaluate airway obstruction. FEV1/FVC < 0.7 is confirmation for airflow limitation
- lung scan: perfusion/ventilation study used to differentiate between the types of COPD
- Labs:
- Arterial Blood Gas (ABGs): used to determine the severity of the disease
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): used to monitor Hgb. Low oxygenated blood is a sign of worsening condition
Symptoms
Symptoms
- Excessive sputum production
- Monitor volume and frequency of sputum
- Weight loss
- Measured by taking daily or weekly weight
- Use of accessory muscles for respiration
- Assess respiratory pattern
- Respiratory infections
- Collect sputum for testing
Other signs and symptoms:
- chronic cough
- wheezing
- dyspnea with exertion and/or at rest
- barrel chest (emphysema)
Complications
Complications
- Respiratory failure: related to comorbities, baseline respiratory function, oxygen saturation, and ABGS to determine if this has occurred
- Chronic Bronchitis:
- Cor pulmonale - right sided heart failure
- Cyanosis
- Emphysema:
- cachexia (muscle wasting)
Medication
Treatment
- Anticholinergics - ipratropium
- Use: reduce mucus secretions
- Nusring considerations: signs of increased intraocular pressure, dry mouth, urinary retenion, use with bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol)
- Oxygen
- Use: increase oxygen exchange
- Nursing considerations: monitor pulse oximetry, flow rate, depending on route of administration, moisturizing nose; monitor
- Methylxanthines - theophylline
- Use: reduce inflammation; relax smooth muscles of the bronchi
- Nursing considerations: no caffeine, seizures (sign of toxicity), use with anti-anxiety and nicotine, monitor for n/v/d
Strategy
Strategy
Objective
Objective
Targets
Targets
Design
Nursing Interventions
Strategy
Strategy
Posters
Posters
Packaging
Packaging
Choose a template
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