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Figure 1. Illustration of Ethics vs. Morals. Adapted from "Ethics vs. Morals – Definition, Difference & Examples" by D. Mcleod, n.d., Grammarist. Retrieved from https://grammarist.com/usage/ethics-morals/
Figure 2. Illlustration of the stages of moral development. Adapted by "Kolberg's Stages of Moral Development" by S. Mcleod, 2023, SimplePsychology. Retrieved from https://simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
Ex. taking a client on pro bono or sliding scale
Ex. using the agreed upon interventions
Ex. scope of practice and expertise, maintaining boundaries
Ex. client included in decision-making process
Ex. equal access to services
Ex. protecting society and advocacy
Figure 3. Text definition of an ethical dilemma. Adapted from "What is an Ethical Dilemma?" by Religh, n.d., deepstash. Retrieved from https://deepstash.com/idea/97676/what-is-an-ethical-dilemma
“You are a counsellor working at an educational institution. A Vietnamese student, Tu Li, is assigned to you because of academic difficulties. You note that the student is a reluctant speaker and is slow in his conversational style. In attempting to establish a positive relationship with Tu Li, you lean toward him, look him straight in the eyes and ask him directly to tell you about the difficulties he is having in his academic work. When the student looks away and does not respond, you suggest that he has a language problem and that a class in English as a second language might help him to communicate more effectively. In the course of your counselling sessions, Tu Li says that he is feeling mounting pressure from his father to major in the sciences in order to pursue a career in medicine. Tu Li feels he is not suited for medicine and is keen to study interior design. Besides, he is getting “B” and “C” grades in his biology course, which he fears will bring embarrassment and shame to his family. You notice that the student is becoming increasingly despondent because of his perceived academic failures. You encourage Tu Li to follow his passion and pursue the career path of his choice" (Sheppard, n.d., para. 3).
(Sheppard, n.d.)
Figure 4. Illustration of a sad young girl sitting with her counsellor. Adapted from "Female Psychologist", n.d., iStock. Retrieved from https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1053122702/vector/therapist-psychologist-consulting-depressed-woman.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=DaQHfVyDW4BvGTpI2KnWx3cxTQun8lh2SucsiPUkXl0=
"Client Sally, who is deemed to be a ‘mature minor’ attends her first visit with me, a new therapist. Sally disclosed that there is considerable domestic violence within her family and that her father usually carries out violent behavior to her 14-year-old brother and has caused him to be physically bruised. Sally shared that her father plans to move out recently; she also did not want to bring any outside agencies as she wanted to avoid extra violence from her father. In the meantime, the limits of confidentiality were not discussed with Sally during the first visit due to the crisis situation in this first session" (Ethical Dilemma in Sally’s Case, 2022).
(Guillemin & Gillam, 2015)
Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. (2015). CCPA standards of
practice (5th ed.). Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. http://www.ccpa-accp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/StandardsOfPractice_n_June2015.pdf
Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. (2020). Code of ethics.
Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. https://www.ccpa-accp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/CCPA-2020-Code-of-Ethics-E=Book-EN.pdf
Ethical Dilemma In Sally’s Case. (2022). Edubirdie.
https://edubirdie.com/examples/ethical-dilemma-in-sallys-case/
Guillemin, M., & Gillam, L. (2015). Emotions, Narratives, and Ethical Mindfulness.
Academic Medicine, 90(6), 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000709
Knapp, S. J., Gottlieb, M. C., & Handelsman, M. M. (2015). Introduction: Problems,
pitfalls, and potentials. Ethical Dilemmas in Psychotherapy: Positive Approaches to Decision Making., 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/14670-001
Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and Decision Making. Annual Review of Psychology,
66(1), 799–823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043
Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies (2017). Duty to report. Child, Youth
and Family Services Act, ON: Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies. http://www.oacas.org/childrens-aid-child-protection/duty-to-report/
Resnik, D. B. (2012). Ethical Virtues in Scientific Research. Accountability in Research, 19(6), 329–343.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2012.728908
Sheppard, G. (n.d.). Notebook on Ethics, Legal Issues and Standards in Counselling.
Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association.
https://www.ccpa-accp.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/NOE.Valuing-Diversity-and-Acting-Ethically.pdf
Mcleod, S. (2023). Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. SimplyPsychology.
https://simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
Varkey, B. (2021). Principles of Clinical Ethics and Their Application to Practice.
Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119