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Supercomputers
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). As of 2017, there are supercomputers which can perform up to nearly a hundred quadrillion FLOPS. As of November 2017, all of the world's fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more powerful and more technologically superior exascale supercomputers.
Three Types of Supercomputers
JAGUAR, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Jaguar is located at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility in Tennessee, and retains the top spot in the latest ranking. Jaguar was upgraded last year, helping it post a 1.75 petaflop performance speed running the Linpack benchmark. The upgrade of Jaguar's Cray XT5 from four-core to six-core processors, funded with $19.9 million under the Recovery Act, will enable scientific simulations for exploring solutions to climate change and the development of new energy technologies. Jaguar now uses 37,376 six-core AMD Istanbul processors.
NEBULAE, China
Nebulae, which is located at the newly build National Supercomputing Centre in Shenzhen, China, achieved 1.271 PFlop/s running the Linpack benchmark, which puts it in the No. 2 spot on the TOP500 behind Jaguar. This is the highest rank a Chinese system has ever achieved, topping last year's fifth place showing by the Tianhe-1 system. Nebulae reports a theoretical peak capability of almost 3 petaflop/s, the highest ever on the TOP500. We don't yet have images of the new system.
When the Roadrunner system at Los Alamos first appeared at the top of the June 2008 TOP500 list, it was the world’s first supercomputer to achieve a top performance of more than 1 petaflop/s (1015 floating point operations per second). This time around, Roadrunner recorded a performance of 1.04 petaflops, dropping from 1.105 petaflop/s in June 2009 due to a repartitioning of the system.
They use lots of power, and take up lots of space
What does it take to keep the lights on? For the No. 2 machine Titan, power is provided to each cabinet at 480 Volts. This voltage requires thinner cables than the US standard 208 V, saving $1 million in copper. At its peak, the relatively parsimonious Titan draws a mere 8.2 MW - 1.2 MW more than Jaguar, its predecessor, but giving almost 10 times the floating point performance.
Cooling system design is key to success