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Tai Hei Wai information life cycle
Transcript
Information Processes
The information life cycle
The information life cycle
- The processes of transforming data into useful information
- Normally there are seven information processes:
Presentation
Data collection
The information life cycle
Transmission
Organization
Storage
Analysis
Processing
An information life cycle
Data Collection
- The activity of collecting raw data from the outside world so that it can be put into an information system
- Methods:
- Personal interviews
- Telephone interviews
- Questionnaires
- Experiments
- The Internet
- These methods can be used separately or combined together.
Data Collection
Data Collection
Collecting data through a personal interview
Organization
- Collected data must be organized into certain formats so that it can be further processed.
Organization
The data can be represented in:
The data can be represented in:
- Text
- Images
- Audio
- Videos
Ways to organize data:
- Putting data into paper-based forms or electronic forms by its category
- Inserting data into related database tables or spreadsheets
- Grouping images to create an animation
Stages of data preparation
Data-logging
Data-logging
- Keep track of incoming data.
Manual validity check
Manual validity check
- Check for completeness.
- Check whether the contextual information is included.
- Check whether the answers are reasonable and legible
Data categorization
Data categorization
- Divide the raw data into different groups.
- Sort the raw data into a specific order for facilitating subsequent data entry procedure.
Storage
- Organized data must be stored in storage media so that they can be retrieved for processing later.
- Two kinds of storage media:
- Non-digital media
- Paper
- Files
- Digital media
- CD-ROMs
- DVDs
- Hard disks
- Floppy disks
- Magnetic tapes
Storage
Storage
- Most of the information systems use database software to store data.
- Database software uses direct access devices such as hard disks as storage media.
Financial data of a company can be backed up in magnetic tapes.
Processing
Different kinds of processing:
- Data processing
- Sorting
- Searching
- Merging
- Calculating
- Word processing
- Image processing
- Video processing
- Audio processing
An example
An example
- An example of information processing in a human resource management system:
- Photos given by employees may be in a different format or size other than the system requires.
- The photos may need to be processed by image editing software.
- Sorting (data processing) on employee names may be necessary to speed up data search.
A photo can be processed by using image editing software
A photo can be processed by using image editi...
Analysis
- Analysis is performed on the processed data to extract useful information.
- An analysis method: using spreadsheets to create models to produce statistics or trend analysis
- Analyzed information can be presented in graphs or charts.
- For the food ordering system of a restaurant:
- The database is analyzed to find most popular foods.
- The staff is then informed to purchase more of these foods.
Transmission
- The process of sending information from one computer system to another
- A common protocol must be used to communicate between different systems.
- The Internet:
- It uses TCP/IP for data communication.
- Data in different systems may be in different formats.
- Extensible Markup Language (XML) provides a common data format for different information systems.
Transmitting purchasing orders on an online supermarket web site
Transmitting purchasing orders on an onli...
Presentation
- Information can be presented through different media:
- Audio
- Video
- Screen displays
- Printed outputs
Various ways of presenting information
Choose a template
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