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Concurrent Disorders in Special Populations: Indigenous Youth

By:Dayna Barks & Renee Poulin

SIIT

MHDV 225

Concurrent Disorders

What is Concurrent Disorders

"The concurrent disorders population refers to those people who are experiencing a combination of mental/emotional/psychiatric problems with the abuse of alcohol and/or other psychiatric drugs" (Course Materials, 2016, p.4).

What are the Statistics?

Mental Health and addictions are the number one issue facing Indigenous children and youth in Saskatchewan.

Statistics

Substance Use

Substance

Use

Aboriginal youth are at two to six times greater risk for every alcohol-related problem than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. They are more likely to use all types of illicit drugs than non-Aboriginal youth, and they will begin using substances (tobacco, solvents, alcohol, and cannabis) at a much younger age than non-Aboriginal youth

Heavy drinking was found to be even more common among First Nation youth aged 12 to 24.

This statistic shows the percentage of Canadian First Nations youth that had engaged in alcohol consumption within the past 12 months as of 2015-2016, by frequency of use. According to the data, 28.9 percent had used alcohol less than once per month during the past 12 months.

This statistic shows the percentage of Canadian First Nations youth that had abstained from using prescription and illegal drugs within the past 12 months as of 2015-2016. According to the data, just 72.8 percent of youth had abstained from using cannabis within the past 12 months.

Mental Health

This statistic shows the percentage of Canadian First Nations youth that had been diagnosed with select mental health disorders and were receiving treatment for those disorders as of 2015-2016. According to the survey, 48.1 percent of youth with ADD/ADHD had received treatment for their disorder.

Close to one in five Indigenous youth had been diagnosed with a mood disorder (19.3%) and nearly one in four had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (24.3 %).

The First Nations youth surveyed reported higher levels of general and separation-anxiety disorders, social phobia, depression, oppositional-defiant and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, compared to their non-Indigenous peers.

Mental Health

What are the treatment approaches, interventions, and options?

Treatments

Treatment Approaches

Treatment

Approaches

  • Group Therapy
  • Individual Therapy
  • Team Treatment

Team treatment is includes Aboriginal Social Workers and an Elder/Traditional healer, as well as access to psychiatry

  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

"CBT to specific cultural groups may require adaptations to align content and treatment process to cultural

beliefs and values" (Children’s Centre Thunder Bay &

Department of Psychology

Lakehead University, Kristy R. Kowatch, 2019).

Interventions

Interventions

  • Support Groups
  • Activities like Land-Based Education
  • Journaling
  • Group Therapy
  • Skills-based interventions targeting emotional regulation difficulties, which are associated with both mental health and substance use concerns, show promise as part of integrated treatments (Miller, Rathus, & Linehan, 2006
  • Medication Use, monitoring uses, time, and amounts
  • Examine relationships, coping skills, triggers and cravings

Some Additional Information

Options

  • Integrated Mood & Anxiety: Help individuals build resilience, function better and lead more fulfilling lives.

  • Addiction Medicine Program: It is an inpatient program that focused on treating individuals struggling with substance use and concurrent disorders.

  • Traumatic Stress Injury & Concurrent: It creates a community that helps patients struggling with trauma and concurrent addiction through the healing process.

Some Ways to help youth

  • Participating in family education to learn more about mental health symptoms, signs of substance use, treatment options, medications, and warning signs of relapse (Lifespan Health System, 2022).
  • Attending individual counseling or family therapy to address any concerns, improve family interactions, learn how to respond to your child effectively, and find solutions to issues (Lifespan, Health System, 2022).

What are the unique issues experienced by First Nation Youth?

“The myriad of social, historical and cultural factors that have dramatically impacted First Nation people has, as such, placed the issue of substance abuse and related mental health issues atop the priorities for First Nations individuals, communities and leaders.”

Issues

Colonization

Colonization

The health and well-being of First Nation peoples have been fundamentally impacted by racism and colonization to the extent that Indigenous health cannot be understood outside the context of past and current colonial policies and practices. A key illustration of the impact of colonial policies on the social determinants of health is the 1876 Indian Act and its related provisions and amendments – legislation that has endured to the present days and has profoundly affected the experiences of several generations of First Nations peoples in Canada.

Intergenerational Trauma

Intergenerational

Trauma

Besides physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and other adverse childhood experiences can also increase the risk of problematic substance use, including neglect, substance use among family members, family breakups, incarceration of family members, and exposure to violence in the home all contribute to higher chance of First Nation youth having unique issues.

Programs Available in Saskatchewan, Canada

Programs

Mental Health and Addiction Services - Community Addiciton Services in Saskatoon, SK

SUITE 156—122 3RD AVE. NORTH

SASKATOON, SK. S7K 2H6

P: 306-655-4100 | F: 306-655-4115

SHA

  • The Concurrent Disorders (Dual Diagnosis) Program assists those clients with mental health and substance use issues, by addressing both issues at the same time. The program is designed to be flexible and offers a variety of treatment options.
  • Groups are held each Friday

1:00 to 2:00 pm (Information Group)

2:15 to 3:15 pm (Support Group)

MENTAL HEALTH & ADDICTION SERVICES

Acute Services (Dubé Centre) in Saskatoon, SK

103 Hospital Drive,

Royal University Hospital

Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8

Child & Adolescent Unit:

306-655-0702

  • Mental Health & Addiction Services, 2023, states, "Mental Health inpatient services serve children, adolescents and adults experiencing major mental health problems that interfere with quality of life" (Acute Services, 2023).

MHAS

  • Hours of Operation:

8:00 am to 12:00 noon

12:30 pm to 4:30 pm

Monday to Friday

White Buffalo Youth Inhalant Treatment Centre

Box 2500 Prince Albert, SK, S6V 7G3

Telephone: (306) 764-5250

Fax: (306) 764-5255

Email: outreach@wbtc.ca

Website: www.wbtc.ca

WBTC

  • Youth aged 12-17, Female
  • In-patient and out-patient
  • English and Indigenous

Programs Provided

  • Concurrent disorders
  • Residential schools
  • On-the-land
  • Gender-based
  • Child counselling
  • Couples counselling
  • Prescription drug abuse

Clients Accepted

  • Clients with physical disabilities
  • Court referral or Corrections clients
  • Clients on Suboxone
  • Clients taking other psychoactive medications

How can this be served within communities?

Ideas

"If the world were a perfect place, this population would be best served by...."

If the world were a perfect place, the First Nation youth would know and understand the importance of the interconnectedness between the people and the land, the healing powers of the natural world, opportunities for culturally relevant learning, and would have restored their cultural identity and values to help them have the sense of belonging, self-esteem and community support.

Idea 1:

The Saskatchewan government worked with First Nations peoples to identify four key components of an approach to healthcare that is respectful of the First Nations experience, in which healthcare is trauma-informed, strength-based, community-engaged, and spiritually-grounded.

Idea 2:

If the world was a perfect place, this population would be best served by having resources, helpful supports, group supports, have traditional teachings, cultural teachings, and many other helpful activities that help youth engage. Also having helpful resources within Indigenous communities because some youth may not want to travel far from home.

Resources

Sources

Used

  • https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/locations_services/Services/mhas/Documents/Pamphlets/Concurrent%20Disorders%20Program.pdf
  • https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/locations_services/Services/mhas/Pages/AcuteServices-DubeCentre.aspx
  • https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1576090254932/1576090371511#a3
  • https://www.wbtc.ca/contact
  • https://treatment.homewoodhealth.com/health-centre/?utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Homewood-Health-Bing-Search-HHC-MB-SK-Older-Adults-Program-DirectResponse&utm_term=health%20needs%20of%20older%20adults&msclkid=b24dce81cf7516271619aa8170ed8734
  • /Policy-Brief-Substance-Use-Interventions-for-FNMI-Populations-Final-Web.pdf
  • https://www.google.com/Fmagazine%2Fvolume-15%2Fcounterfeiters-degrading-indigenous-art-market-canadian-woman-fought-back
  • https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lineagearts.ca%2Fproduct%2Flove
  • https://hir.harvard.edu/indigenous-healthcare-in-canada
  • https://www150.statcan.gc.ca
  • https://www.statista.com/statistics/830393/mental-health-treatment-canadian-first-nations-youth/#statisticContainer
  • https://healthsci.mcmaster.ca/home/2022/03/31/study-sets-benchmark-for-mental-health-of-off-reserve-first-nations-youth
  • https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/children-advocate-report-2018-1.5116741

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