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CH 16 mammals
Biology
16.1
1. What primary characteristic(s) are shared by all the animals?
2. What are 3 characteristics of all vertebrates?
3. What are 5 characterisitics common to all mammals? What are 3 additional characteristics common to most mammals?
4. How does a warmblooded animal regulate its temperature? How does a coldblooded animal regulate its temperature?
5. What purpose does hibernation serve?
6. What are the 3 major initial cell layers of the embryo? Into what structures does each layer develop?
7. What are 3 major categories of mammals, based on the way the developing young are nourished?
Mobility/Diversity/Symmetry
Mobility, Diversity, and Symmetry
- Animals- living organisms that move from place to place in their environment for the purpose of obtaining food.
- Motile- capable of moving in their environment to capture food
- Sessile- move their environment towards them to trap their food
- Diversity- There are over one million known classified species
- Symmetry
- Bilateral- if cut in half in only one plane to make each half like the other; humans and most animals
- Radial- similar to a pie; when cut each part is exactly like other.
- Asymmetry- without symmetry
Vertebrates
- Vertebrates- animals with a backbone
- Invertebrates- animals without a backbone
- Vertebrates make up only 3% of all animals including the following:
- Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
Vertebrates
Characterisitcs
- Every vertebrate has the following:
- Spinal cord with a brain
- Brain protected by a skull
- Body supported by a backbone or notochord
- Endoskeleton- internal framework made of bone or cartilage.
- Divided into axial and appendicular skeleton
- Tetrapods- meaning 4 appendages or limbs attached by special bones to the body
- Bilateral symmetry found in all vertebrates
- Placed in phylum Chordata
Mammals
- Mammals- most familiar and dominant group of vertebrates.
- Main Characteristics
- Have hair
- Have mammary glands-specialized epithelial cells used to produce milk for the young to be nourished by the mother
- Breathe by means of lungs
- Have four-chambered hearts
- Warm-blooded- regulates temperature by internal mechanisms
- Secondary Characteristics
- Have 2 pairs of limbs
- Have seven neck vertebrae
- Born live and nourished by the mother
Mammals
Mammal Reproduction
- Fertilization- when sperm reaches the egg in the oviduct
- Cell division- formation of a blastula( a hollow sphere of cells that attaches to the uterus)
- Placenta- the region of implantation between the developing young and the tissues of the uterus; used to provide nutrients
- Embryonic development
- Primary germ layers- three distinct layers of cells from which all the body parts will form
- Ectoderm- nervous system, sensory organs, and skin
- Mesoderm- muscle, bone, lymph vessels, reproductive organs, and kidneys
- Endoderm- digestive tract, respiratory tract, bladder, and urethra
- Fetus grows in amniotic fluid
- Whole process is the gestation period
Birth
- Umbilical cord- will be cut completely freeing the newborn form the mother
- Viviparous- the bearing of young alive and nourish them during development
- Oviparous- do not bear young but rather are in eggs and carried for a temporary period until they hatch
- 3 major categories of mammals according to birthing
- Placental
- Egg-laying
- Pouched
16.2
1. What is the largest living land animal?
2. What animals are commonly called "sea cows"?
3. What characterisitc is most unusual about the monostremes (echidna and platypus)? What other unusual features does the platypus have?
4. What animal is noted as the slowest land mammal?
5. What 2 animals mentioned in this section are covered with protective armor?
6. What physical characteristic do all marsupials have in common?
7. What is the largest living marsupial?
8. What is the only marsupial common outside Australia and the surrounding islands?
9. What mammals mentioned in this section feed primarily on ants and termites? Why might it be said that htere is an abundance of food for these animals?
16.2
Orders:
Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Sirenia
- Tubulidentata- aardvark; characterized by strong blunt claws, pig-liked snout, long tough ears, short stocky legs, and a long muscular tail
- Proboscidea- elephants; largest land animal
- Africa elephant- larger and has bigger ears
- Asian- smaller
- Both types are herbivores, can have tusks, lightweight bone for its skull, and a trunk
- Sirenia- dugongs and manatees
- "Sea Cows"- they graze like cows just in water.
- Have no hind limbs, forelimbs act as flippers, aquatic,
Orders:
Monotremata, Edentata
- Monotremata- echidna and platypus
- Only oviparous mammas
- Echidnas-spiny anteater
- Platypus- has a duckbill , waterproof fur, lives both on land/water, paddle-like tail, strong webbed claws
- Both lack digestive glands but stomach is lined with hornlike epithelium
- Edentata- armadillos, sloths, and anteaters
- Armadillos- covered with rows of tough plates jointed across its back; always bears identical twins or quadruplets causing offspring in one litter to be of the same sex
- Sloths-slowest land mammal
- Anteaters- some are diurnal in uninhabited areas, nocturnal in populated areas
Orders:
Pholidota, Marsupialia
- Pholidoia- pangolin (scaly anteater); skin is overlapping plates similar to armadillos but are bundles of hair rathern than horn
- Have poor vision and hearing but keen sense of smell
- Marsupialia- marsupials identified by an abdominal pouch(marsupium) in which their young are raised.
- Kangaroos- largest living marsupial
- Opossums- only marsupial outside of Australia
- Wombats- one of the best diggers among mammals
- Koalas- most confining diet
- Numbats- banded anteater, squirrel-sized marsupial
16.3
16.3
1. What insectivore is noted as the smallest mammal?
2. What are the 2 broad groups of whales mentioned in the text?
3. List 4 characteristics of primates.
4. What is the most obvious way to distinguish between an ape and a monkey?
5. What is the largest group of mammals?
6. What characteristic do all rodents have in common?
7. What are 3 kinds of lagomorphs mentioned in the text?
Insect-eating and flying Mammals
- Insectivora- insectivores (eats insects)
- Shrews- small mouse-like with long, pointed noses; smallest mammal
- Hedgehogs- covered with spines, durable animal
- Moles- live underground with poor eyesight
- Chiroptera- bats; fingers are greatly elongated and attached to them are the wings (thin webs of skin)
- Feed at night
- Have a unique echolocation system similar to sonar.
- Spend longer periods of uninterrupted hibernation than any other mammal.
[64 days]
Marine and Tree Dwelling Mammals
- Cetacea- marine animals; whales are the largest mammals
- Baleen whales- have 2 rows of comblike plates (baleen) that hang like curtains from each side of the upper jaw
- Giant blue whale- world's largest animal
- Toothed whales- include sperm whales, killer whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
- Main difference between a dolphin and a porpoise is their snout
- Primata- tree-dwelling mammals; intelligent, have 5 fingers and toes, opposable thumbs
- Apes- primates without tails; largest is the gorilla, includes orangutan and the chimpanzee
- Monkeys- have tails
- Lemurs- live only in Madagascar
Gnawing Mammals
Gnawing Mammals
- Rodentia- rodents; have 2 pairs of sharp incisor teeth, largest group of mammals (more than any other groups combined)
- Mice- common house mouse, small lives anywhere
- Rats- larger, stronger and more aggressive than mice; know for carrying disease like typhus and the bubonic plague
- Capybaras- largest rodent
- Squirrels- includes the ground, flying, and tree squirrels as well as chipmunks
- Woodchucks- burrowing rodent; also includes groundhogs
- Gophers- halfway between a squirrel and woodchuck
- Beavers- largest rodents in the USA
- Porcupines- rodent with quills on its back composed of keratin used to attack predators
Flying Lemurs, Harelike Mammals, and Hyrax
- Dermoptera- flying lemurs; nocturnal, live in tropica jungles, and are the longest-gliding mammals
- Lagomorpha- harelike mammals; have teeth similar to rodents but also 4 incisors in upper jaw instead of two
- Rabbits- keen sense and speed
- Hares- larger faster rabbits with longer ears
- Pikas- very small, short ears, similar to a guinea pig.
- Hyracoidea- hyrax (coney); seen in the Bible as a defenseless animal that lives in the rocks
16.4
1. What is the most obvious way to distinguish between artiodactyl an da perisoodactyl?
2. What is the difference between the antlers and horns?
3. What family of artiodactlys includes such important animals as cattle, sheep, and goats?
4. What is the largest land-dwelling carnivore?
5. Name two aquatic animals of the order Carnivora.
16.4
Hoofed Animals
- Ungulates- hoofed animals
- Hoofs- enlarged, thickened toenails
- Divided into 2 groups according to number of toes
- Swift runners as a mean to espace predators.
- Odd-toed- Perissodactyla
- Rhinoceros- have 3 functional toes on each foot
- Tapir- similar to a pig with extra long snout.
- Equine family- horses, zebras, and donkeys
- Horse is a single-toed
- Even-toed- Artioedactyla
- Most have antlers( solid structures shed anually) or horns (permanent)
- Most diverse and numerous ungulates
- Ruminants-those that chew cud
- Bovids- cattle, sheep, goats, etc; useful family
The flesh Eaters
- Carnivora- carnivores(flesh eaters); more active than herbivores
- Bears- least carnivorous of the flesh eaters, more commonly know as omnivores.
- Alaskan brown bear- largest land-dwelling carnivore
- Dogs/wolves- canine family
- Cats- large group of carnivores ranging form the small house cat to the lion.
- Aquatic carnivores- seals and walruses
- Extinct carnivores include the wooly mammoth, and the saber-toothed tiger.