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Nationalism in 19th Century Europe
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Nationalism in 19th Century Europe
Napoleonic Wars
Background
- The leaders of Europe had to coalesce to defeat Napoleon I twice.
- Finally defeat him at the Battle of Waterloo in 1814 and exiled him to the island of Helena.
- Europe's resources are exhausted and it's leaders wish to prevent another all consuming war.
Congress of Vienna
- Met 1814-1815
- A meeting of all European leaders led by Austria's Prime Minister, Metternich
Congress of Vienna
Goals
Of the Congress of Vienna
Goals
- Prevent future French Aggression
- Balance of power - ensure that no country is a threat to everyone
- Restore royal families to the throne (Louis XVIII put in power in France)
- Result: 5 great powers (Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
- Unintended side effect: Nationalism
Reshaping Europe
Before & After
Congress of Vienna
Conservative Notions
But!
But the French Revolution changed the way regular people thought about politics and power!
Political Spectrum
Beliefs
Conservatives
- Wealthy and Nobility
- Argued for Traditional Monarchy
Liberals
- Middle class
- Supported power to elected parliament.
- But believed that only landowners and the educated should be allowed to make gov't decisions.
Radicals
- Fringes - often students
- Supported extending democracy to all people
- Wanted drastic changes
- scared both Conservatives and Liberals
What is a Nation/State?
Nationalism
- Nation: a group of people who have a common heritage - language, culture, history, religion, etc.
- State: a political boundary or border with a government.
- Nation-State: a combination of both Nation and State. An independent government that represents itself.
Definition of Nationalism
Definition
- Nationalism: a political, social, and economic ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
- It a belief that people should be loyal to Nation, not King.
Bonds that create Nationalism
Application
- Nationality
- Culture
- Language
- History
- Religion
- Territory
When people share these things in common with those in power, they can identify better with their own government.
Nationalist Rebellions
Nationalist Rebellions
After the Congress of Vienna old empires that had lasted for thousands of years, begin to crumble under the weight of Nationalism
1821
- Ottoman Turks (predominately Muslim) control the Balkan region.
- Greeks (predominately Orthodox Christian) rebel.
- Their rebellion was popular among other Europeans. Some of whom came to help the Greeks defeat the Ottoman Empire.
- The British, French, & Russians ally with Greece to crush Turkey
- Greece wins independence.
1821
1830's
- Belgians declare independence from the Dutch
- Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed.
- French King Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy.
- Students in Paris rebel, but their protest is put down.
1830's
1848
- Summer of Revolutions
- All over Europe - In Berlin, Hungary, Czechoslovakia uprisings take place.
- But they all fail.
- In Paris, mob overthrows Louis-Phillippe, reestablish republic. The Second French Republic
- They elect Louis-Napoleon.
- He names himself Emperor Napoleon III.
- He does encourage reform and restores economic prosperity in France.
1848
The Effects of Nationalism
Destruction
Nationalism had a destructive effect on empires whose citizens had nothing else in common besides citizenship.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Control over Hungarians, German, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians.
- Prussia gains control of Germans
- Prussia and Austria go to war and Austria loses substantianly.
- Split Austria and Hungary but both under the same Emperor (thus weaking them).
Austro-Hungarian
Ottoman Empire
- Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians.
- One of the oldest empires but it begins to lose its grip on all these ethnic groups.
- Referred to, at the time, as the "sick man of Europe."
- They decide to grant equal citizenship to all people under their rule.
- This angers conservative Turks and causes tensions.
- This tension later exploded into the Armenian Genocide.
Ottoman
Russian Empire
- Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jewish people, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks.
- Ottoman Empire Fights Russia over Crimea.
- Russians lose in the Crimean War to Ottoman Empire.
- Russification: Impose Russian culture on everyone in the Empire.
- The purpose was to strengthen nationalist feelings among ethnic groups
- Instead is disunified Russia and weakened Czar's powers.
Russian
Unification in Europe
Unification
Nationalist movements also inspired groups from separate states, that shared cultural, linguistic, or religious commonalities, to unify.
Italian Unification
- Guiseppe Mazzini
- Formed "Young Italy"-youth nationalist group.
- 1848 - Rebellion breaks out and Mazzini briefly leads a republic in Rome.
- He's driven into exile and although he was unpopular, his ideas lingered and spread.
- Camillo di Cavour
- Prime Minister of Italian State of Sardinia.
- Wanted to expand the borders of Sardinia, but ends up unifying most of Northern Italy.
Italy
- Guiseppe Garibaldi
- Leader of Nationalists who rebel in Southern Italy
- Nationalism>Power
- Supported by Cavour
- Eventually he unites all of S. Italy, and turns over all control of S. Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
- At last united all of Italy since Romans
German Unification
Northern Prussia (Germany)
- Otto Von Bismarck
- Prime Minister of Prussia (Lead German State
- Power>Nationalism
- Practiced Realpolitik: politics of reality. Practicality over Idealism.
- Encourages the expansion of Prussia through war.
- Austria (Catholic) is Prussia's (Lutheran) biggest obstacle to unification.
- Austro-Prussian war (aka Seven Weeks War)
- Prussia had superior training and equipment
- Austria was humiliated.
- Austria turned territory over to Prussia to create a North German Federation, led by Prussia.
Franco-Prussian War
Southern Prussia (Germany)
- Now Bismarck turned his sights to southern Germany.
- But sourthern Germany was unsure of Prussian control, so...
- Bismarck decides that nothing rallies peoples together like a common enemy.
- Bismarck purposely insults the French, so they declare war on Prussia.
- Prussians overwhelm Paris and capture Napoleon III and force him to surrender.
- Everyone is proud to be German, so southern Germans accept Prussian control.
- King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned Kaiser (Ceasar or Emperor) of Germany.
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