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Holocaust Timeline

Julie Madrigal, Breanna Bayardo

The year of 1933

1933

January 30: Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Von Hindenburg.

March 22: The first official Nazi concentration camp opens in Dachau, a small village located near Munich (note: some "wild camps" already existed before 1933: Papenburg, Esterwegen, Börgermoor etc...). The first commandant of Dachau is Theodor Eicke.

April 1: Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.

April 7: Laws for Reestablishment of the Civil Service barred Jews from holding civil service, university, and state positions

April 26: The Gestapo ("Geheime Stat Polizei" - Secret State Police) is established by Herman Goering, minister of Prussia.

May 10: Public burnings of books written by Jews, political dissidents, and others not approved by the state.

July 14: Law excluding East European Jewish immigrants of German citizenship.

The year of 1936

1936

March 3: Jewish doctors barred from practicing medicine in German institutions.

March 7: Germans march into the Rhineland, previously demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty.

June 17: Reichführer SS Himmler (chief of the SS units) appointed the Chief of German Police.

July 12: Sachsenhausen concentration camp opens.

October 25: Hitler and Mussolini form Rome-Berlin Axis.

1938

The year of 1938

March 13: Anschluss (incorporation of Austria): all antisemitic decrees immediately applied in Austria

April 26: Mandatory registration of all property held by Jews inside the Reich

May: Flossenburg concentration camp opens.

July 6: Evian Conference held in Evian, France on the problem of Jewish refugees

August 1: Adolf Eichmann establishes the Office of Jewish Emigration in Vienna to increase the pace of forced emigration.

August 3: Italy enacts sweeping antisemitic laws

August 8: Mauthausen concentration camp opens in Austria

September 30: Munich Conference: Great Britain and France agree to German occupation of the Sudetenland, previously western Czechoslovakia.

October 5: Following request by Swiss authorities, Germans mark all Jewish passports with a large letter "J" to restrict Jews from immigrating to Switzerland.

October 28: 17,000 Polish Jews living in Germany expelled; Poles refused to admit them; 8,000 are stranded in the frontier village of Zbaszyn.

November 7: Assassination in Paris of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan.

November 9-10: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass): anti-Jewish pogrom in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland; 200 synagogues destroyed; 7,500 Jewish shops looted; 30,000 male Jews sent to concentration camps (Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen).

November 12: Decree forcing all Jews to transfer retail businesses to Aryan hands

November 15: All Jewish pupils expelled from German schools

December 12: One billion mark fine levied against German Jews for the destruction of property during Kristallnacht

1939

The year of 1939

January 30: Hitler in Reichstag speech: if war erupts it will mean the Vernichtung (extermination) of European Jews

March 15: Germans occupy Czechoslovakia.

May 18: Ravensbruck concentration camp opens.

August 23: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed: non-aggression pact between Soviet Union and Germany.

September 1: Beginning of World War II: Germany invades Poland. In the following weeks, 16.336 civilians are murdered by the Nazies in 714 localities. At least 5,000 victims were Jews.

September 21: Heydrich issues directives to establish ghettos in German-occupied Poland.

October 12: Germany begins deportation of Austrian and Czech Jews to Poland.

October 28: First Polish ghetto established in Piotrkow.

November 23: Jews in German-occupied Poland forced to wear an arm band or yellow star.

1940

The year of 1940

April 9: Germans occupy Denmark and southern Norway.

May 7: Lodz Ghetto (Litzmannstadt) sealed: 165,000 people in 1.6 square miles.

May 10: Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.

May 20: Concentration camp established at Auschwitz.

June 4: Neuengamme concentration camp opens.

June 22: France surrenders.

August 8: Battle of Britain begins.

September 20: Breendonck concentration camp opens in Belgium.

September 27: Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.

November 16: Warsaw Ghetto sealed: ultimately contained 500,000 people.

1941

The year of 1941

January 21-26: Anti-Jewish riots in Romania, hundreds of Jews butchered.

February 1: German authorities begin rounding up Polish Jews for transfer to Warsaw Ghetto. 10,000 Jews died by starvation in the ghetto between January and June 1941.

March: Adolf Eichmann appointed head of the department for Jewish affairs of the Reich Security Main Office, Section IV B 4 .

April 6: Germany attacks Yugoslavia and Greece; occupation follows.

April 21: Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp opens in France.

June 22: Germany invades the Soviet Union.

July 31: Heydrich appointed by Göring to implement the "Final Solution".

July - August: Dozens thousands of Russian and Jews are murdered by the Einzatzgruppen (extermination squads) in the occupied territories. Here are some examples:

5,200 Jews murdered in Byalistok

2,000 Jews murdered in Minsk

5,000 Jews murdered in Vilna

5,000 Jews murdered in Brest-Litovsk

5,000 Jews murdered in Tarnopol

3,500 Jews murdered in Zloczow

11,000 Jews murdered in Pinsk

14,000 Jews murdered in Kamenets Podolsk

12,287 Jews murdered in Kishinev

1945

The year of 1945

January 17: Evacuation of Auschwitz; beginning of death march

January 25: Beginning of death march for inmates of Stutthof

April 6-10: Death march of inmates of Buchenwald

April 8: Liberation of Buchenwald.

April 15: Liberation of Bergen-Belsen.

April 22: Liberation of Sachsenhausen.

April 23: Liberation of Flossenburg.

April 29: Liberation of Dachau.

April 30: Hitler commits suicide, liberation of Ravensbruck.

May 7: Liberation of Mauthausen.

May 8: V-E Day: Germany surrenders; end of Third Reich

August 6: Bombing of Hiroshima

August 9: Bombing of Nagasaki

August 15: V-J Day: Victory over Japan proclaimed

September 2: Japan surrenders; end of World War II

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