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Treaty of St. Germain: 1919

Mari and Audrey

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Introduction

1

The Treaty of Saint-Germain was the treaty for Austria. It was signed on September 10, 1919, and came into force on July 16, 1920.

What role did Austria play in WW1?

2

#1

Austria Vs. Serbia

The immediate cause of WW1 was Serbia's assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which caused Austria-Hungary to present Serbia with an ultimatum. On July 23, 1914, they demanded, among other things, that all anti-Austrian propaganda within Serbia be suppressed. Serbia refused.

#2

Austria and Germany

Austria alone did not have the military strength to invade Serbia and win. Fortunately, it had a powerful ally: Germany. Unfortunately, Serbia also had a big-gun ally. Russia. (Dundundundun)

#3

Tensions Rise

Things started to heat up in Europe. Russia's allies, including Britain and France, were worried that if Russia joined the conflict it could blossom into and all-out European war. The British foreign office tried to convince the other powers to back down and try to resolve before things got out of hand, but Germany was set on conflict.

How did WW1 begin?

On July 28, 1914, one month to the day after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, effectively beginning the First World War.

#4

How did WW1 affect Austria and Serbia?

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A Heavy Death Toll

Austria lost a lot of soldiers during the war. A total of 800,000, in fact (Library of Congress).

#1

Austria-Hungary

Indirect losses for Austria-Hungary are estimated at around 460,000 caused by famine, cold, and epidemics.

#2

Serbia

The Serbian Army suffered as well. During the first month of hostilities, the Serbian Army losses included 2,068 killed, 11,519 wounded and 8,823 captured or lost.

Causes of death in Austria

#3

Famine, the extreme scarcity of food, and Epidemic, the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a short period of time, were the main causes of deaths among civilians.

Who led Austria-Hungary in the war? Who led Serbia during the war?

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Leader of Austria-Hungary

#1

Emperor Franz Joseph I

  • Divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy; Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners
  • Well respected
  • Held the Empire together during tough times
  • Not everyone liked him; in 1853 there was an attempt on his life. János Libényi stabbed him in the neck from behind

Serbian Leader

#2

Prime Minister Nikola Pašić

  • A Serbian/Yugoslav politician and diplomat
  • In politics almost 40 years
  • The leader of the People's Radical Party
  • Twice, he was the mayor of Belgrade

Cool things about Franz Joseph

Also called Francis Joseph, he was born on August 18, 1830 and died November 21, 1916

A Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch. The separate kingdoms were Hungary and Austria.

#3

In 1879 he formed an alliance with Prussian-led Germany. In 1914 his ultimatum to Serbia led Austria and Germany into World War I.

Cool facts about Nikola Pašić

Nikola Pašić was born on December 31,1845 and died on December 10, 1926.

#4

He dominated the Serbian political scene for the first two decades of the twentieth century, forming no fewer than 22 cabinets during his numerous periods served as his country's Prime Minister.

He engaged himself in radical politics and was elected a member of the Skupstina (National Assembly) in 1878, forming the Radical Party in 1881.

Geography

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Serbia

Belgrade’s old town is dominated by an ancient fortress called the Kalemegdan.

Serbia is a country in the west-central Balkans. For most of the 20th century, it was a part of Yugoslavia.

#1

Beginning in the 1920s, Serbia was an integral part of Yugoslavia (meaning “Land of the South Slavs”)

Serbia's terrain ranges from fertile plains of northern Vojvodina to limestone ranges and basins in the east and ancient mountains and hills in the southeast. The north is dominated by the Danube River.

Austria

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

#2

Austria is a small, predominantly mountainous country located in south-central Europe. It is twice the size of Switzerland and slightly smaller than the State of Maine. Most of the country is Alpine or sub-Alpine, with heavily wooded mountains and hills cut by valleys of fast-flowing rivers.

The largest Lake of Europe is located in Austria Lake Constance or Bodensee. Austria has some of the highest mountain ranges of the Alps and the large steppe lake of Lake Neusiedler See.

The Treaty

The treaty covers 381 articles divided into 14 parts, and is written in French, English and Italian.

The Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye was finally signed on 10 September 1919 in the great hall of the ‘Chateau Neuf’ in St. Germain-en-Laye, by Austria and the Allied and Associated Powers.

The second part of the treaty (27-55) establishes the fixed boundaries to be enforced by a boundary commission. Austrian territory was reduced to the borders of Austria alone, which effectively left it at around 40% of its previous size.

As with the peace treaty with Germany, the Treaty of Versailles, the first part starts with the covenant establishing the League of Nations.

#1

Part three (articles 36–94) deals with political clauses for Europe, which are largely questions of nationality and land ownership beyond the former Austro-Hungarian frontier.

Part four (articles 95–117) involves Austrian interests outside Europe, whereby Austria was to renounce trading rights, titles and privileges gained in earlier treaties with Morocco, Egypt, Siam and China.

The fifth part (articles 118–159) tackles military, naval and air clauses, starting with the demobilisation of Austrian forces and the abolition of compulsory military service.

More information on the fifth part of the treaty: The Austrian army composed of 30,000 troops because there were to be limited exclusively to the maintenance of order and to border control

#2

Part 5: All warships and submarines were to be surrendered, and air forces were to be abolished, manufacture of arms and munitions was to be limited to one state-owned factory, with a ban on all imports and exports

Part six (articles 160–172) concerns prisoners of war and war graves and part seven (articles 173–176) deals with the establishment of war crimes tribunals.

Austria, as with the other defeated Central Powers, was required to accept its responsibility for the war and pay reparations

Financial clauses (articles 197–216) required the Government of Austria to pay the total cost of the armies of occupation.

Part eight (articles 177–196) covers reparations. Part eight also lays out the costs of the war. Austria was to provide for the restitution of cash, animals and objects, including records, documents, antiquities and art.

#3

The economic clauses (articles 217–275) tackled commercial relations, duties and tariffs, largely aimed at ensuring favourable trading rights for Allied and Associated Powers countries

The treaty marked the official end of the First World War for Austria and for the majority of the states and kingdoms comprising the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, with the exception of Hungary, who would sign their own peace treaty, the Treaty of Trianon, on 4 June 1920.

The treaty finally came into effect on 16 July 1920

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Time to turn those brainnsssss on peeps

1. What do you think the biggest impact of WW1 on Austria-Hungary and Serbia was?

2. If you had been in charge of Germany or Russia at the time, would you have gotten involved with the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia? Why or why not?

3. How do you think the world might be different now if the other countries hadn't gotten involved (or if everything had been resolved peacefully)? Would some version of WW2 have happened? (Basically, would Hitler still have come to power?)

Memes that we couldn't find a place to put. Please enjoy

Resources

https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/milestones-to-peace-the-treaty-of-st-germain-en-laye/

https://historylearning.com/modern-world-history/treaty-st-germain/

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