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Objective #3
Describe social, cognitive, intellectual and academic characteristics associated with different types of exceptionalities.
Introduction
"Exceptionality" is used to identify patterns of strengths and needs common to groups of students and used by the Department of Education.
Exceptionalities
Exceptionalities
Modules - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Exceptionalitiles include but are not limited to:
- Learning Disabilities
- Communication Disorders
- Emotional & Behavioral Disorders
- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Autisim
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Tramatic Brain Injuries
- Hearing Loss
- Visual Impainments
- Gifted & Talented
Understanding Students with Learning Disabilities
IDEA defines the term specific learning disability as a “disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written” (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA], 2004).
Understanding Students with Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities can affect the ability to -
- listen
- think
- speak
- read
- write
- spell
- math
Characteristics
Characteristics
Academic
Reading challenges
- phonemic analysis - sound simple awearness that allows for breaking down words in basic phonemic parts
- word identification - decoding words that don't follow phonemic guidelines
- reading fluency - reading with appropriate speed and smoothness
- reading comprehension - accurately interpreting reading passages and drawing appropriate conclusions
Math challenges
- procedural problems - frequent errors with math concepts, computing simple and complex math problems, and sequencing the steps
- fact retrieval - difficulty memorizing
Memory challenges
- Short term memory - shortly after presented
- long term memory - storying information and recalling later
- working memory - processing information to remember it
Understanding Students with Communiation Disorders
Communication includes receiving, understanding, and expressing information, feelings, and ideas. Speech disorders refer to difficulties making sounds. Language disorders include diffulties recieving and understanding information
Characteristics
Characteristics
Understanding typical patterns of acquiring speech and language can help with recognizing communication disorders.
There are 5 components of the language system
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
- sematics
- pragmatics
Each work toghet but no one knows for sure how they combine affecting language.
Communication skills are learned through social interations.
There are a number of communication disorders and studetns with these disorders experience difficlties interacting socially and academically in the classroom setting.
Understanding Students with Emotional and Behavioral Diabilities
Understanding Students with Emotional and Behavior...
These disabilities include one or more of the following:
- inability to learn not due to intellectual sensory or health factors
- inability to build and maintain meaningful relationships
- inappropriate types of behaviors or feelings
- depression
- physical symptoms or fear associated with personal or school problems
Characteristics
Characteristics
Emotional (text highlighted 5 disorders)
- Anxiety disorder - fear, worry, irritability, and physical discomfort. Students often struggle with building relationships.
- Mood disorder - highest in females and often tied to bullying and suicidal thought or suicide.
- Opposibional Defiant disorder - over atleast 6 monthgs, increased behaviors such as aggression, tantrums, non-compliance and more; typically diagnosed in elementary school.
- Conduct disorder - antisocial and interfers with others rights, legal trouble.
- Schizophrenia - challenges with interpersonal and academic skills as symptoms occur in phrases.
Behavior patterns include
- Externnalizing - outward, aggressive or acting-out and noncompliant behaviors.
- Internalizing - withdraw, depression, anxiety, and fear.
Cognitive & Academic
- Low reading and math scores
- Examples of being held back
- High drop out rate
Understanding students with ADHD
Unders IDEA, ADHD falls in the category of "Other Health Impairments."
Understanding students with ADHD
Approximently two-thirds of students in the category are diagnosed with ADHD.
Studetns with ADHD are often have a learning disability, an emotional or behavioral disorders, or an intellectual disability
Characteristics
Three types
- Predominately Inattentive
- Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive
- Combined
Characteristics
Predominately Inattentive - bored, lack of motivation, self-conscious, and often overlooked.
Predominately Hyperactive-Impulsive - Begin early and are desctibed as always in motion or fidgity.
Combined - academic, social, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors.
Academic
- typical intelligence but problems academically.
- higher retention rates
- difficulties with working memory and vocabulary
Behavior, Social & Emotional
- internalizing and externalizing behaviors
- difficulties self-regulating
- inappropriate social interactions
Understanding Students with Intellectual Diabilities
In 2010, President Obama signed a law changing the term to intellectual disability from mental retardation.
Intellectual Disability
•Significant limitations in intellectual functioning
•Significant limitations in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
- Intellectual disability before 18
Characteristics
- Low IQ
- Difficulties with memory
- Difficulties transfering information and behavior learned
Characteristics
Understanding Students with Autism
IDEA defines students with Autism as having impairment in interacting socially and communicating.
Characteristics
Characteristics
Social and Communication impairments include
- difficulties interacting with others socially
- taking interests in interests of others
- communication in a two sided conversation
- understanding nonverbal communication
- building and maintaing relationships
Students with Autism often display problem behaviors and have sensory needs and difficulties
Students with Autism have all ranges of intellecutal disabilities including gifted and talented.
Understanding Students who are Gifted and Talented
According to the text, there is no federal legislation that requires states or local educational agencies to offer special education to students who are classified as gifted or talented unlike laws such as IDEA for students with disabilities.
- 31 states have gifted and talented programs
Characteristics
Characteristics
It is difficult to identify characteristics, but students who are gifted and talented have one or more of the following
- high general intellect
- specific academic aptitude
- creative and leadership ability
- visual or performing artistry
Students may also have language, hearing, visual, physical, or learning disabilities.
-Low levels of anxiety and depression is common among students who are gifted and talented.
-The need for perfection often affects students who are gifted and talented socially and academically.