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is a large caldera filled by Taal Lake on Luzon island in the Philippines, and is in the province of Batangas. Taal Volcano is the second most active volcano in the Philippines, with 33 recorded historical eruptions, all of which were concentrated on Volcano Island, near the middle of Taal Lake. The caldera was formed by prehistoric eruptions between 140,000 and 5,380 BP.
Volcanologists measuring the concentration of radon gas in the soil on Volcano island measured an anomalous increase of the radon concentration by a factor of six in October 1994. This increase was followed 22 days later by the magnitude 7.1 Mindoro earthquake on November 15, centered about 50 kilometres (31 miles) south of Taal, off the coast of Luzon.
A typhoon had passed through the area a few days before the radon spike was measured, but when Typhoon Angela, one of the most powerful to strike the area in ten years, crossed Luzon on almost the same track a year later, no radon spike was measured. Therefore, typhoons were ruled out as the cause, and there is strong evidence that the radon originated in the stress accumulation preceding the earthquake.
1. Base surges
2. Ashfalls and ballistic projectiles
3. Lava flows
4. Tsunamis and flooding
5. Lakeshore landslide
6. Fissuring and ground subsidence
A base surge could travel horizontally at 80 kilometers/hour and can instantly destroy and kill anything on its way. This volcanic hazard could be fatal as it can cause incineration, suffocation, abrasion, dynamic pressure impact and burial in hot volcanic material, according to PHIVOLCS.
Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles endanger life and property by the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only close to an eruption, loss of agricultural lands if burial is greater than 10 cm depth, producing suspensions of fine-grained particles in air and water which clogs filters and vents of motors, human lungs, industrial machines, and nuclear power plants, and carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts, and, close to the vent, heat. Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of buildings, break power and communication lines and damage or kill vegetation. Even thin (<2 cm) falls of ash can damage such critical facilities as hospitals, electic-generating plants, pumping stations, storm sewers and surface-drainage systems and sewage treatment plants, and short circuit electric-transmission facilities, telephone lines, radio and television transmitters. When dispersed widely over a drainage basin, tephra can change rainfall/runoff relationships. Low permeability of fine ash deposits leads to increased runoff, accelerated erosion, stream-channel changes and hazardous floods. In contrast, thick, coarse-grained deposits closed to the source can increase infiltration capacity and essentially eliminate surface runoff.
Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent. Lava is erupted during either nonexplosive activity or explosive lava fountains. ... But when basalt lava flows are confined within a channel or lava tube on a steep slope, the main body of the flow can reach velocities >30 km/h (19 mph).
Tsunamis are water waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. In deep water tsunamis have long wavelengths, short wave heights, and travel up to 30 mph. As tsunamis enter shallow water they slow down, and the waves increase significantly in height.
The movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Almost every landslide has multiple causes. Slope movement occurs when forces acting down-slope (mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope. Causes include factors that increase the effects of down-slope forces and factors that contribute to low or reduced strength. Landslides can be initiated in slopes already on the verge of movement by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes in ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any combination of these factors. Earthquake shaking and other factors can also induce landslides underwater. These landslides are called submarine landslides. Submarine landslides sometimes cause tsunamis that damage coastal areas
Earth Fissures are open ground fractures that form in unconsolidated sediments as the result of tensional stresses associated with land subsidence. Giant desiccation cracks form in fine-grained sediments, i.e., clays, as the result of drought. Land subsidence is the downward movement or sinking of the Earth's surface.
LOCAL RESPONSE
1.Local response
2.Economic
3. Health
4. Air traffic
5. Sports
6.International response
On January 13, the provincial board of Batangas declared the province under a state of calamity following the eruption, ordering the evacuation of residents within a radius of 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the volcano.[30] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs issued a situation report stating that an estimated number of 459,300 people are within the 14-kilometer danger zone;[31] charity organization Save the Children estimated that 21,000 of those are children.[32] According to the NDRRMC situational report for January 18, a total of 16,174 families or 70,413 individuals are taking shelter in 300 evacuation centers
Demand for N95 masks increased rapidly, with some stores inflating its prices to ₱200 ($3.95) a piece from the standard ₱25–40 ($0.49–0.79).[73][74] The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) dispatched teams to monitor and observe the movement of retail prices in the market and warned businesses against raising the prices for higher profit margins.
The Department of Health advised the public to remain indoors and minimize outdoor activities.[93] They also advised the public to refrain from purchasing and consuming freshwater fish from the Taal Lake, such as tilapia and Sardinella tawilis, as these may have been affected by the sulfur from the eruption.
On January 12, 2020, the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA) suspended all flights to and from all terminals of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila following the eruption due to the various hazardous effects of volcanic ash on flight safety.[96] The MIAA recorded that at least 516 flights from and to NAIA were suspended, with about 80,000 passengers affected
Collegiate leagues, the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP)[103] and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) postponed games to be held in Metro Manila on January 13, 2020 due to ash fall. The junior basketball and junior football ties were to be held by the UAAP and volleyball games for the NCAA
The Philippine government, while it said that it would accept any international aid, has stated that it will not actively seek for foreign aid believing that it still has the capability to deal with the Taal volcano eruption.[106]
The China Coast Guard donated 600 pieces of N95 masks, food packs, and other relief goods to evacuees in Batangas through the Philippine Coast Guard.[107]
The United States Agency for International Development and its Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, through the U.S. Embassy in the Philippines, is providing thermographic cameras and remote technical support to assist the Philippine government in monitoring Taal's volcanic activity.[108] South Korea has also pledged US$200,000 in humanitarian aid through the Philippine Red Cross.[109] The Singapore Red Cross on their part relayed about S$67,000-worth of humanitarian aid to support the operations of their Philippine counterpart.[110] The Emirates Red Crescent also sent a delegation to the Philippines to assist on the relief operations