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History of Nursing
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History of Nursing:
1960's
TJ Demko
Courtney Gallo
Erika Hernandez
Brianna Jannetty
Nadira Persaud
Historical Background
Lefler (1963)
Historical
Background
In the early 1960s, nursing theory strived to identify its role in the world. Nursing theory was used primarily for teaching purposes as opposed to research(Mollet, 2021). There was a natural progression of nursing’s earlier focus on education and professional identity. Nursing theory as we know it today has been greatly influenced by this decade.
This time in history is known to many as the "assassination decade." This unfortunate nickname is due to the assassination of four major leaders(Powerhouse, 2018).
- 1963 President John F. Kennedy
- 1965 Malcolm X
- 1968 Robert F. Kennedy
- 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr.
1960-Democrat John F. Kennedy wins the U.S. Presidential Election after defeating Republican Richard Nixon.
1960-The United States decides to send 3,500 U.S. troops to Vietnam. While many U.S. citizens express strong opposition(Powerhouse, 2018).
1961- The Peace corps is created.
1963- United States President John F. Kennedy is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.
1963- U.S. Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr. gives is famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
1964- United States President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.
1965- The Voting Rights Act is signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson(Powerhouse, 2018).
1965- The Vietnam War escalates and opposition to it begins to mount as anti-Vietnam protests become more common.
1968- Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in April by James Earl Ray.
1968- The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is signed into law by President Johnson(Powerhouse, 2018).
NASA (2017)
Global Background
Global
Background
1960- South African police kill 69 black protestors in the Sharpeville massacre
1961-Construction of Berlin Wall begins
1962-Nelson Mandela arrested
1962-Escorted by federal marshalls, James Meredith becomes the first black student to register at the University of Mississippi
1962- Cuban missile crisis begins
1963-Publication of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, a milestone in the US Women’s Movement
1963-Martin Luther King’s ‘I have a dream speech’, a defining moment in the US Civil Rights movement
1963- Englands great train robbery
1963-President Kennedy assassinated
1964-President Johnson orders the US Air Force to bomb North Vietnam, after reports that the Maddox and Turner Joyhave been attacked
1964-US Senate passes President Johnson’s Civil Rights Bill
1964- Martin Luther King awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his campaign of racial equality
1965-President Johnson sends the first US ground troops to Vietnam, starting a dramatic increase in US troop commitment
1965-Power failure blacks out New York, parts of New England and Canada
1965-Race riots in the predominantly black Los Angeles neighbourhood of Watts; after six days at least 34 people are dead
1966-Mao’s Cultural Revolution begins in China; millions will be persecuted as he asserts his authority
1966-Huey Newton and Bobby Seale form the Black Panther Party in USA
1967-Israel attacks Egypt to start the Six Day War
1967-Civil war breaks out in Nigeria
1967-Detroit race riot begins; after four days 43 people are dead
1967-Dr Christian Barnaard conducts world’s first heart transplant operation in Capetown
1968-Dr Christian Barnaard conducts world’s first heart transplant operation in Capetown
1969-Stonewall riots in New York mark the beginning of the Gay Rights movement
1969-Apollo 11’s Neil Armstrong walks on the moon (Powerhouse, 2018)
Nurse Training Act
Nurse
Training
Act
- The 1964 Nurse Training Act, the most comprehensive nursing legislation in American history to date, passed with wide Congressional support (Nursing, History, and Health Care, Penn Nursing, n.d.).
- Five provisions comprised the Act including nursing school construction grants, improvement and expansion of nursing educational programs, reimbursement of a portion of their educational costs to hospital-based diploma nursing programs, continuation of the Professional Nurse Traineeship program, and a generous long-term, low-interest student loan program.
- The act reflected the federal government’s enlarged financial commitment to nursing education.
- Funds supplied by the Act increased enrollment in schools of nursing and led to improvements in the educational structure of nursing (Nursing, History, and Health Care, Penn Nursing, n.d.).
Medicare and Medicaid Legislation Act
Medicare
and
Medicaid
Legislation Act
- The Medicare and Medicaid legislation provided government-funded health insurance to the elderly (Medicare) and the poor (Medicaid).
- Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson
- The Medicare and Medicaid programs dramatically increased access to health care for millions of Americans.
- Resulted in a significant rise in utilization of hospitals and other health care services (Nursing, History, and Health Care, Penn Nursing, n.d.).
.
Social Background
Encyclopaedia Brittatannica (1963)
Social
Background
The 1960s was one of the most tumultuous decades in history. This era was known for the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, antiwar protests, countercultural movements, and political assassinations. The 1960s saw a revolution in social norms including massive strides in women's equality.
Female activists demanded more rights for women, whose role in society began to change. The birth control pill and other contraceptives were introduced, making it possible for women to plan their careers and have babies when they wanted them.
In the late 1960s, American youth began riots that fought social norms. Rioters were considered hippies who supported various causes such as the sexual revolution, war, and equal rights for all (Mollet, 2021).
The overall impact of the Civil Rights protests led to several positive outcomes. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, which declared that there would be equality of voter registration and equal access to public accommodations, employment, and school. Then, in 1965, he signed the Voting Rights Act which outlawed discriminatory voting practices.
Although this era some positive change, it also saw counterculture movements such as the radicalism of the New Left, set forth by the Vietnam War, also had a significant impact on how individuals perceived society and helped change cultural norms (Mollet, 2021).
1960s in America
1960s
in
America
Recollection Road. (2021). The 1960s in color. YouTube. United States. Retrieved March 2, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY555FbeYGs.
Culture in the 1960s
This is an era of pop cultural revolution in America. It was a time of empowerment to battle social injustices such as racism and poverty.
Nursing culture in the 1960s was predominantly a female profession. It was seen as a service-oriented profession because they were a subservient to physicians. Nursing duties were limited and did not develop treatment plans. Nurses had limited educational opportunities.
Uniforms consisted of a white dress, white stockings, and white shoes to signify cleanliness.
Cultural Background
Economic Background
Economic Background
Federal financial support for educating nurses became available beginning in the 1960s, permitting the revamping and modernizing of many nursing educational programs. During this era, there was increased funding for nursing research to develop a scientific basis for practice.
Overall, the 1960s were a time of economic growth and prosperity, with low unemployment rates and a rise in consumer culture. The decade was marked by significant technological advancements and cold war tensions.
Background
Gonzalo (2023)
Faye G. Abdellah
- One of the first nursing theorists
- Writings spanned from 1954-1992
- Served as Chief Nurse Officer and Deputy US Surgeon General
- Ranked as Rear Admiral
- Named Fellow of American Academy of Nursing
- Died in 2017, at the age of 97
Developed a list of 21 problems
Patient-centered approach to nursing
Developed 10 steps to identify the client’s problems
A human needs theory.
Intended to guide the care of those in the hospital but can be applied to a community setting.
Theory
10 nursing skills to be used in developing a treatment
Faye Abdellah. (2016). Report IV Theoretical Bases of Nursing. report-iv-theoretical-bases-of-nursing-3-638.jpg (638×479) (slidesharecdn.com)
Person: nursing problems are based on the individual's needs
Major concepts
Health: the purpose of nursing services is to achieve health
Metaparadigm
Nursing: healthcare team working together at various levels
Distinguished between nursing diagnoses and nursing functions.
Developed nursing treatment plans and nursing skills.
Major contributor to nursing becoming a profession
Environment: planning for optimum health on local, state & international levels
Background
Gonzalo (2023)
Ida Jean Orlando
- August 12, 1926- November 28, 2007
- Received nursing education from New York Medical College, St Johns University, and ultimately a Masters degree from Columbia University
- Associate professor at Yale School of Nursing
- Orlando's work focused on mental health and psychiatric nursing
- Clinical nurse consultant at McLean Hospital in MA
- Retired in 1992, received the Nursing Living legend award the same year
Gonzalo (2023)
Deliberate Nursing Process
- Allows for a dynamic relationship between the nurse and patient that enables flexibility in the care plan from a nursing perspective.
- There is equal importance in patient's participation in the nursing process.
- Five stages: assessment,
diagnosis, planning, implementation,
and evaluation.
Theory
Person
Orlando emphasizes patient individuality and the nurse-patient relationship.
Health
Poor coping can lead to feelings of helplessness, therefore manifesting negatively in health.
Nursing
Metaparadigm
Using the nursing process, as described by Orlando, helps to accommodate the care plan based on the patients current needs.
Environment
Although not expicitly mentioned in Orlando's theory, the nursing environment has been proposed to influece the patients perception of health.
Impact of Theorists on Nursing Today
Impact
How Faye Impacts Nursing Today
Faye Abdellah's Impact
- The Patient Assessment of Care Evaluation developed by Abdellah is now the standard used in the United States (Petiprin, 2019).
- Faye's theory emphasized the importance of meeting the physical, emotional, and social needs of patients.
- Faye helped to shift the focus of nursing from a disease centered approach to a patient centered approach.
- Faye was a strong advocate for nursing education and worked to improve educational programs and for nurses work towards advanced degrees.
- The Twenty-One Nursing Problems Theory was developed by Faye Glenn Abdellah. Her model of nursing was progressive in that it refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role in health care. This theory still remains in use today (Petiprin, 2019).
Gonzalo (2023)
How Ida Jean Impacts Nursing Today
Ida Jean Orlando's Impact
• “Ida Jean Orlando started the nursing process that still guides nursing care today” (Toney-Butler & Thayer, 2022, p. 1).
• As part of the nursing process theory, Orlando developed the “ADPIE” (Assessment. Diagnosis. Planning. Implementation. Evaluation.) steps of deliberate nursing process still taught in nursing school and used throughout nursing practice today (Toney-Butler & Thayer, 2022).
• Orlando’s Deliberate Nursing Process Theory has generated “substantial benefits—increased effectiveness in meeting patient needs, improved decision-making skills, more effective resolution of staff and staff–physician unity” (Tyra, 2008, p. 231).
• Orlando’s Deliberate Nursing Process Theory is being expanded in use in the United States and in other countries (Tyra, 2008).
Gonzalo (2023)
Using Theories in Clinical Practice
Theory in Practice
Abdellah & Patient-Centered Approach
• “The patient-centered approach was constructed to be useful to nursing practice, with the impetus for it being nursing education” (McEwen & Wills, 2023, p. 145).
• Abdellah's nursing theory has been used successfully in oncology to improve quality of life in cancer patients (Mahmoudi et al., 2022).
• The Patient-Centered Approach has been used successfully outside of hospital communities and is broadly applicable across various settings; for example, it has been used to reduce social stigma and increase self-esteem of students with head lice (Allam, 2016).
Holland & Uniform Services University (2017)
Orlando Pellitier (n.d.)
• Orlando’s Deliberative Nursing Process is used by nurses in all fields to develop effective care plans with a focus on patient participation; this includes the nursing process five stages: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation (Toney-Butler & Thayer, 2022; McEwen & Wills, 2023)
• The Deliberative Nursing Process has been implemented successfully across entire nursing departments and focuses on professional nursing’s function to meet a patient’s immediate need for help, professional nursing’s outcome to improve immediate verbal and nonverbal patient behavior, and to recognize and confirm with patient whether their initial behavior signals the need for help (Schmieding, 1984). The theory is applicable “in any clinical area” and in nursing administration (Schmieding, 1984, p. 759).
• With the rise of technology, a potential distraction from effective nurse-patient communication, the Deliberative Nursing Process can be used in educational and clinical settings to better understand the dynamic nurse-patient relationship to and to improve communication in nurse-patient interactions (Gaudet & Howett, 2018).
• Orlando’s theory has been useful in perioperative nursing where time-sensitive, immediate nurse-patient interactions need to yield accurate assessments and nursing plans. The deliberate exploration of patient behavior using Deliberative Nursing Process can help uncover hidden patient needs leading to more accurate assessments. The theory interlinks professional nursing function, patient behavior, the nurse’s immediate (internal) reaction, nursing process discipline, and improvement of the patient (Rosenthal, 1996).
• The Deliberative Nursing Process Theory has been successfully used in clinical practice in extended care facilities to improve patient outcomes and holds promise for gerontological nursing (Faust, 2002).
Orlando & Deliberative Nursing Process
Proposed Conceptual Model to Use in Practice
“Illustration of the Theory of the Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship," one of many proposed conceptual models for Orlando's theory. From "Communication and Technology: Ida Orlando's Theory Applied," by C. Gaudet and M. Howett, 2018, Nursing Science Quarterly, 31(4), p. 372 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318418792891).
Summary
- The 1960s was a tumultuous decade of contrasting views that saw the Vietnam War, peaceful antiwar protests, riots, famous orations, civil rights movement, game-changing healthcare legislation (e.g., Nurse Training Act, Medicaid), federal financial support of nursing, cultural and social revolution, moonwalks, and shocking assassinations. Nursing theory was primarily used for teaching, and it helped to define nursing as a profession.
- In the 1960s, Faye Abdellah developed the Patient-Centered Approach theory, a human needs theory, that included a list of 21 nursing problems categorized by patient needs, steps to identify the patients problem, and nursing skills to use in treatment. Abdellah’s work helped to define the nursing profession as a distinct discipline and to distinguish nursing diagnoses from nursing functions. Abdellah’s work continues to influence nurse education, research, policy, and practice.
- In the 1960s, Ida Jean Orlando created the Deliberate Nursing Process, a theory allowing for dynamic nurse-patient relationships and patient participation that included five stages: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. To this day, the theory has been taught in nursing schools and is used successfully across nursing specialties to improve patient communication and outcomes.
- The 1960s was an important time in nursing theory, in which theories such as those of Abdellah and Orlando, further defined the nursing profession and placed understanding and attending to patient needs at the center of care.