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What is NATO?

What is NATO

  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  • established 1949 - currently 30 members
  • NATO's Core Tasks
  • Collective Defense
  • Crisis Management
  • Cooperative Security

  • Political & Military Alliance
  • political - debates, facilitate discussions, build trust and prevent conflict
  • Military - mutual protection

Air Force Capabilities

Air Force Capabilities

- Air and Space Superiority

- Command and Control

- Rapid Global Mobility

- Global Strike

-Intelligence surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)

Air and space superiority

The ability to dominate air and exploit space

Air and Space Superiority

How it applies to NATO

- Air Force relations with NATO allies allows for enhanced training and control of air and space through Joint operations

-Increasing defensive and offensive capabilities of these allies through Military support and training strengthens control over these domains.

Air Force support in Bulgaria

-Citing an article by Jennifer-Leigh Oprihory; in 2020 the Air Force supported Bulgaria during NATO's Enhanced Policing mission.

-"providing territorial integrity and defense against our adversaries," according to USAFE-AFAFRICA spokesperson Maj. Selena Rodts.

Air Force support in Bulgaria

Command and Control

Command and Control

How it applies to NATO:

-When operating in an allied nation or working with their military, accurate communication and maintaining control is imperative

- Joint Operations present unique challenges not present in normal Mission parameters.

-The Air Force uses consistent training to identify weakness in command structures and improve communication between allied militaries.

The exercise of authority and direction by the properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission

Rapid Global Mobility

Projecting power quickly to anywhere on earth

How it applies to NATO

- Allows the USAF to quickly respond to threats and supply aid to allied nations through the use of a multitude of Aircraft:

- Cargo planes (for dropping troops and supplies)

- Fighters/Bombers (to secure and hold airspace)

-Re-fuelers (to support extended missions)

- Reconnaissance/ mobile command ( Providing intel and overseeing overall mission effort)

Rapid Global Mobility

"A Show of Force in Spain"

-An article from 2015 by Charles Ramay, detailed the events of a NATO exercise in Spain.

- B-52's attached to the global strike command from Barksdale were deployed to assist in a Show of force.

- demonstrated ability to respond to threats in the region and strengthened deterrence

Trident Juncture

Global Strike

Nuclear Deterrence and long range strike capabilities

Global Strike

How it applies to NATO

- The USA is one of only 3 members of NATO with Nuclear ICBM capabilities

-Includes Mutually assured destruction against foreign powers

-Long range nuclear capable bombers

Nuclear Deterrence today

A Renewed Challenge from Russia

-Recent surge of reliance to counter perceived NATO threat

- USA is in the middle of its own Modernization program

- Includes extending life of bombs deployed to Europe for NATO nuclear sharing mission

Cold war Arms Race

Intelligence Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

Intelligence and Information gathering

ISR

How it applies to NATO

-The USAF has been working closely with NATO to pool data from sources such as the AWACS and Global Hawks to allow easy access from any alliance member.

-More effective intelligence sharing and tactics communication

Defense Objective

NATO DETERRENCE TACTIC

National Defense Strategy

-Strength in numbers. With joint military, weapons of mass destruction, and a combined 30 countries in NATO, this strategy is used as a deterrence for adversaries and to protect those smaller countries that are more vulnerable

-Nuclear weapons are a core component of NATO's overall capabilities for deterrence and defense, alongside conventional missile defense forces.

NATO

Response

1.Describe (1) one defense objective used by the DoD to ensure support of the National DefenseStrategy based on your theme's region?

NATO Defense Objective

-Defending allies from military aggression and bolstering partners against coercion, and fairly sharing responsibilities for common defense

-ex. in Syria a barrel bomb containing a toxic nerve agent Sarin

- Dissuading, preventing, or deterring state adversaries and non-state actors from acquiring, proliferating, or using weapons of mass destruction

-ex. North Korea test firing nuclear missiles

National Power

What factors or ideas show how your theme uses the instruments of national power?

NATO Instrument of National Power

D I M E

Diplomatic Information Military Economic

-The diplomatic instrument- The degree to which diplomatic engagement succeeds is governed by the ability to: negotiate; broker agreements; and manage relationships between allies and potential partners.

-The information instrument- Information underpins understanding and decision-making. Every Alliance action, word and image communicates the intent of the Alliance

-The military instrument- Military power can be used in conjunction with the other instruments in a wide variety of circumstances. Military force is therefore an instrument of policy. ex. the military contribution to deterrence, conflict prevention, disaster relief, stabilization and reconstruction, and combat.

-The economic instrument- Overseas investment, capital and trade provide scope to exercise economic influence. One option is imposing economic sanctions. Sanctions are use to prevent threats to international peace and security or to settle them.

Pandemic Response

NATO's Pandemic Fight

-In the first half of the 2020 year, around 350 flights delivered critical supplies around the world. Across the Alliance, almost half a million troops supported the civilian response, constructing almost 100 field hospitals, securing borders and helping with testing and transport.

- Sixteen Allies have made financial contributions totaling 5 million euros and 5 nations have made in kind contributions to the stockpile.

-Throughout the autumn, Albania, Czech Republic, Montenegro and North Macedonia received dozens of ventilators and a total of around 1.5 million euros in medical supplies from the stockpile.

-Some countries implemented nationwide emergency "lockdown" or closure of super spreader locations. Ex. clubs, bars, concerts, sporting events, dine in restaurants, and travel restrictions.

NATO Syria Response

-On 4 April 2017 the regime of Bashar Assad used nerve agents to attack his own people. Killing more than 80 and injuring more than 100 people, some as young as under five years old died.

-7 April 2017, the United States and its allies Britain and France launched 105 missiles overnight in retaliation for Syrias gas attack.

-The missile attack crippled Syria’s chemical weapons capabilities. Three chemical weapons facilities, including a research and development center in Damascus' two installations near Homs

NATO Cyberspace

  • Background (Caton, 2015)
  • 2002 - Cyberspace defense capabilities introduced & began development in NATO
  • 2016 - defend and utilize the cyberspace domain as effectively as they do land, air, and sea.
  • 2018 - NATO set up Cyberspace Operations Centre

Cyberspace

2002 Prague Summit

  • NATO forced to adapt to new missions:
  • MUST address potential threats from bio, chemical, radiological, and nuclear weapons (CBRN ) - reaction to terrorist attacks
  • Formal introduction: Begin development of Cyber I&W (Indications & Warning) & Cyber Defense Program

  • United States drove cyberspace defense for NATO
  • Directly align with U.S. 2003 Cyber Strategy
  • utilize allies for collective cyber defense and security

2002

Prague

Summit

Warsaw Summit 2016

2016

Warsaw Summit

  • Hot topic: 2016 US Election & Russian interference & spread of misinformation

  • NATO driven change:
  • Top Priority, Protection of networks owned & operated by NATO Allies.
  • Recognize cyberspace as operational domain

  • United States - 15 year rewrite of new National Cyber Strategy
  • Alligns with successful NATO strategies
  • "Expanding DoD cyber cooperation with interagency, industry, and international partners." - 2018 Cyber Strategy

Nuclear

Nuclear

  • Background:
  • 3 NATO Countries with Nuclear capabilities
  • France, U.K., U.S.
  • Nuclear sharing - only U.S
  • NATO Nuclear Policy
  • The 2010 Strategic Concept
  • The 2012 Deterrence and Defense Posture Review
  • Non-Proliferation Treaty
  • Nuclear Deterrence
  • Nuclear Disarmament

  • NATO is a Nuclear Alliance

Nuclear Sharing

  • US Provides weapons to other NATO countries for Nuclear Sharing
  • Countries & associated AF Base

  • Why?
  • Global Reach - USAF capabilities
  • Avoid Non-proliferation Treaty by establishing bases overseas on foreign soil
  • "A strong nuclear deterrent... contributes to U.S. non-proliferation goals by limiting the incentive for allies to have their own nuclear weapons." - David Trachtenberg, deputy undersecretary of defense for policy

  • Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty - 2019 Russia in violation

Unity of effort

as it relates to conflict...

Joint Forces

The Washington Treaty contains 14 articles in total. The 5th and most critical being, "...an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.."

Adversarial Crisis Responses

Risking fait accompli: a thing that has already happened or been decided before those affected hear about it, leaving them with no option but to accept it

Nov 24, 2015 Turkey shoots down a Russian Su-24 near its Turkish/Syrian Border. Prompting an emergency meeting between the NATO powers.

Crisis Response

Non-adversarial crisis

In September 2017 Turkey purchased a 2.5 billion dollar S-400 surface-to-air missile system from Russia.

Violating NATO's interoperability of doctrine, procedures, and equipment.

Non-adversarial

Designed to shoot down NATO aircraft

The S-400 SAM was developed with the believed capabilities of shooting down 5th gen aircraft. Resulting in Turkey being removed from the F-35 program.

Risking collapse of NATO partners

Post Invasion of Crimea

In early 2017 NATO bolstered its military presence and training in the Baltic states of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Poland. Including the deployment of four multinational battalions called a "Enhanced Forward Presence".

Threat Deterrence

The United States also began rotating 5,000+ personnel including an armored combat brigade, combat aviation brigade, and support battalions. This program is known as the European Deterrence Initiative.

New NATO members

At the Bucharest summit 2008 Ukraine & Georgia were told by NATO secretary general they would eventually become members. 13 years later they still await membership.

Alternative Tactics?

My suggestion would be to grant these nations membership into NATO. Deter current and future intervention by Russia in Ukraine, and bolster NATO presence in the Black Sea.

Citation & Credits

Citation

Presented by:

  • SrA Airhart, Enoch
  • SrA Hwang, Kyra
  • SrA Milam, Weston
  • SSgt King, Taquwesha

Cox, J. (2020, June 08). Nuclear deterrence TODAY. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2020/06/08/nuclear-deterrence-today/index.html

Https://www.japcc.org/air-command-and-control-in-nato/. (n.d.).

Oprihory, J. (2020, October 26). Inside NATO's ENHANCED Air Policing mission. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from https://www.airforcemag.com/inside-natos-enhanced-air-policing-mission/

Ramey, C. (2015, November 06). Global strike Airmen support LARGEST NATO exercise in 20 years. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/627991/global-strike-airmen-support-largest-nato-exercise-in-20-years/

Rapid global mobility ... delivery on demand. (2013, August 21). Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/

Article/466896/rapid-global-mobility-delivery-on-demand/

USNATO. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.facebook.com/USNATO/videos/213324446825263/?__so__=permalink&__rv__=related_videos

AF Capabilities

https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf

Nato. (2020, May 11). NATO's nuclear Deterrence policy and forces. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50068.htm

Nato. (2019, December 04). Deterrence and defence. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_133127.htm

Consequences for NATO - Preventing escalation in the Baltics: A Nato Playbook. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/28/consequences-for-nato-pub-75881

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/905877/20200728-doctrine_nato_allied_joint_doctrine_ajp_01.pdf

Bing. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.bing.com/search?q=NATO+response+to+covid&+qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&pq=nato+response+to+covid&sc=0-22&sk=&cvid=AA200F80511740CB86956E3DA10FB6BB

National Defense

Ablon, Lillian, et al. “Operationalizing Cyberspace as a Military Domain: Lessons for NATO.” 2019, doi:10.7249/pe329.

DOD. “Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategies 2018.” Department of Defense, 2018.

NATO . “Cyber Defense.” North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Apr. 2021, www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_78170.htm.

Cyberspace

McCrisken, Trevor, and Maxwell Downman. “‘Peace through Strength’: Europe and NATO Deterrence beyond the US Nuclear Posture Review.” International Affairs, vol. 95, no. 2, 2019, pp. 277–295., doi:10.1093/ia/iiz002.

NATO. “NATO's Nuclear Deterrence Policy and Forces.” NATO, 11 May 2020, www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50068.htm.

NATO. “Statement on Russia's Failure to Comply with the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, Issued by the North Atlantic Council, Brussels, 1 February 2019.” NATO, 4 Dec. 2018, www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_162996.htm.

Public Diplomacy Division (PDD), NATO. “NATO and Nuclear Disarmament Factsheet.” NATO Factsheets, www.nato.int/factsheets.

Nuclear

Consequences for NATO - Preventing escalation in the Baltics: A Nato Playbook. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2021, from https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/28/consequences-for-nato-pub-75881

Amanda_m_macias. (2020, December 15). U.S. sanctions Turkey over purchase of Russian S-400 missile system. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/14/us-sanctions-turkey-over-russian-s400.html

Macfarquhar, N., & Erlanger, S. (2015, November 24). NATO-Russia tensions rise After Turkey DOWNS JET. Retrieved April 22, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/europe/turkey-syria-russia-military-plane.html

https://www.defensenews.com/air/2019/07/17/turkey-officially-kicked-out-of-f-35-program/#:~:text=Turkey%20will%20not%20be%20getting%20the%20F-35%2C%20following,the%20S-400%20Russian-made%20air%20defense%20system%20last%20Friday.

Joint Forces

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