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Migration in Brazil

The formation of the Brazilian people

Bruno Magalhaes

PUC-Rio

Past

History of migration to Brazil

2 kinds

Forced

1500-1799

Voluntary

1800-1985+

Forced Mobility

When to start?

A political question

Indigenous Migration

First Siberian Wave -

Crossed the Berian Strait +13 th yr ago

Impact of post-'discovery' migration

1500: + 5 milliion

1900: - 600 thousand

Colonisation

The systematic settlement of European invaders

Colonisation

Portuguese

Land of the Holly Cross

1500-1530 - Quick expeditions (Pau Brazil)

16th century - Less than a 1000 portuguese settlers (cf: Portugal: 1,2 million)

Portuguese

The Undesired

Criminals

Homosexuals

Protestants

Converts (Jewish)

Freemasons

Witches

The Undesired

The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536

Use it or lose it

1530 - French threat

1550 - 2.000 Portuguese (+ 4.000 slaves)

1580 - 20.000

1600 - 30.000

1610 - 50.000

Dutch

Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648)

Low Countries - Spanish Empire

Republic of the Seven United Netherlands

The Iberian Union (1580 and 1640)

Portuguese crisis of succession

Habsburg king Philip II unites the crowns

New Holland

1630 - 1661 (Peace Treaty)

Dutch United East India Company

67 Vessels, 1170 cannon, 7.000 men

Governor: Johan Maurits

Capital: Mauritsstad (Recife)

Frederikstadt (João Pessoa),

Nieuw Amsterdam (Natal)

Saint Louis (São Luís)

Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza)

French

France Antarctique (1555-1560 - Mem de Sá)

Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon

Fort Coligny (Serigipe Island, today Villegaignon Island, Guanabara Bay

600 soldiers

France Équinoxiale (1612-1615 - A. Moura)

Daniel de la Touche

Saint-Louis (São Luís, Maranhão)

500 soldiers

Slavery

Plantation/Mining Economy

Main exports | Labour intensive

Brazil Wood (1500-1600)

Labour: Native Indian Slaves

Sugar plantations | 1600-1650

Gold & Diamonds Mining | 1650-1800 (Gold rush)

Coffee plantations |1800-(...)

Labour: African Slaves

Guinea, Angola, Mozanbique, Nigeria

IBGE: 1500-1900: 4 million black slaves

Gold Rush - First migratory 'boom'

Minas Gerais

Average survival - 7 years

1650 - 1800 - 1.600 million black slaves

c.f: 600.000 portuguese

Biggest african population outside Africa

Coffee and Agriculture

A vicious cycle

Mining decline didn't impact slavery

Cattle ranching and foodstuff production enticed expansion of slave trade

Slavery feeding slavery

Voluntary mobility

1800-1985+

Voluntary mobility

Four underlying themes:

Migration, Territory & Culture

Migration, Agriculture & Labor

Migration & Racism

Migration & Security

(the communist threat)

Independency | 07 Sept. 1822

Migration, territory and race

New independent Brazilian Empire

1822-1924 - 3.5 million European migrants

Migrants to populate Brazil's southern border

Migrants to populate Brazil's southern border

Alone in Spanish America

Southern borders were hard to protect

Call for settlers

Couldn't be Portuguese!

Balance black-white population

Haitian Revolution against the French empire (1791-1804) brought fear of a black insurgency

Strenghen white 'cultural' qualities

Racial mixture was seen as source of cultural underdevelopment

Direct invitation to white Europeans

Germans

Swiss

Austrian

Italians

End of slavery (1888)

Migration, agriculture & labor

End of slavery (1888)

Slavery was becoming inefficient/expensive

UK Slave Trade Act - 1807

UK Slavery Aboliyion Act - 1833

Eusébio de Queiroz Act - 1850

Free birth Law - 1871

Aurea Law - 1888

Criminalizing maritime slave trade & abolishing slavery

High mortality rates

Male-Female slave populations were unbalanced

Slow labor replacement

1878 - "Congresso Agrícola" - Lobby

The 'great immigration'

(1870-1920)

1.400 million Italians

550 thousand Portuguese

220 thousand Spanish

90 thousand Germans

14 thousand Japanese

1902 - Fast flow - Italian government forbids contracted migration to SP

(problem for coffee plantations).

Hence, the [non-white] Japanese.

Improve brazilian culture

'Cultured European' x 'Ignorant Brazilian'

'Skillful white' x 'Lazy black'

(Veiled racism)

Official discourse presented contracted migration as 'culturally beneficial' to Brazil.

Most european migrants were poor village farmers, with little education or professional training;

1920 Literacy Census

81% Brazilians could read x 62% Migrants

Republic (15 Nov. 1889)

Coup d'état overtrowing Emperor D. Peter II

Republic (15 Nov. 1889)

Migration and racism

>>

Migration and security (communist threat)

'Old' Republic

Migration and Racism

'Old' Republic

1890 - Decree 528 - Migration from Africa and Asia would require previous authorization by the National Assembly. European migration is free.

1911 - I Universal Race Congress, London

"The sons of métis already shown in the third generation, all the physical characteristics of the white race. [Some] retain a few traces of their black ancestry by the influence of atavism [...], [but] the influence of sexual selection ... tends to neutralize that of atavism, and remove all traits from the Métis descendants of the black race ...It is logical to expect that in the course of another century the métis will have disappeared from Brazil. This will coincide with the parallel extinction of the black race in our midst".

João Batista Lacerda, National Museum

Vargas Era & 2nd Republic (1930-1964)

Crash of 29

1930-1937 - President Washington Luís (widely unpopular) is to be succeeded by Julio Prestes (his allie). Washington Luís is deposed & swearing-in of President-elect Julio Prestes is blocked. National Congress was dissolved and the provisional military junta ceded power to Getúlio Vargas.

Estado novo (1937–1945) - Vargas holds dictatorial powers

WWII - Neutrality until 1941 - pro-axis proclivity

1945 - Coup inside the Coup - Elections - President Dutra

1950 - General elections

1951 - Vargas is elected president

Emphasis on the 'migration-racism' nexus

Eugenics as a 'science'

"The Aryan civilization is represented in Brazil by a weak minority of the white race who was charged with defending it ... (of) the antisocial acts of the lower races ... ".

Nina Rodrigues, 1931 (founder of Brazil Forensic Medicine Association)

The quota law (Lei de cotas)

1933 - Assembleia Nacional Constituinte

Miguel Couto - fight against the 'niponic lower race'

2% of total last 50 years (no problem for Italians, but strict numbers to Asians).

The quota law (Lei de cotas)

The struggle against 'ethnic cysts'

Migration between race and security

The struggle against 'ethnic cysts'

- Concentration camps

- 2/3 National Labor Law

- Prohibition of foreign culture festivals

- Prohibition of foreign teachers

- Prohibition of language classes before 14yo

- Prohibition of political involvement of foreigners

Military Dictatorship (1964-1985)

Overthrow of President João Goulart by part of the Brazilian Armed Forces,

Military Dictatorship (1964-1985)

Emphasis on the Migration-Security nexus

National development doctrine

No need for foreign labor

Borders are stable

Migration is risky (may allow communists in)

“reduce the flow strictly to those migrants that are useful to the national development needs”

Immigration Act (1980)

- National Immigration Council (control over migrant population)

- 30 days to inform change of address

- Monthly reports on migrant businesses and property acquisitions

- Discretion to expel unsuitable migrants (even if married/parent to Brazilian ), with no right to appeal

- Strict prohibition of any kind of political participation (unions, political party, parades or protests)

- Obligation to carry identification papers

No refugees

Theory

Geneva Convention on Refugees (1951/1961)

UN Protocol on the Status of Refugees (1968/1972)

Practice

No UNHCR office (until 1982)

20.000 asylum seekers received tourist visas

Democracy, new constitution, Refugee Act (1997)

[New migration law had to wait until 2017!!!]

Turning

Point

Turning Point

Migration policy in Brazil has changed rapidly since 2010

1985-2010

Inadequate law, but few migrants

(less than 0,9% of population)

2010

2010

Turning point

Haitian migration to Brazil

Brazil led MINUSTAH

130 thousand haitians in 2010 alone

Not recognized as refugees

'Humanitarian visa'

2015

From 2010 to 2015, the number of refugee applicants in Brazil increased from 996 to 28,670 - an increase of 2,868%

2015

2016

9,552 refugees (cf. 3442 / 2010)

82 nationalities

Main countries of origin:

Syria (326)

Democratic Republic of Congo (189)

Pakistan (98)

Palestine (57)

Angola (26)

2016

2018

Hot topics

New migration law (25/05/2017)

bring efficiency to migration process:

- Digital communication with applicants;

- New Visa modalities

- Strategic work visa

- Family Visa (all legal dependents below 16 yo)

- Migrants can apply for change in visa status while in Brazil

- Renewal of temporary work visa

- Tourist visa to Study visa

Venezuelans in Brazil

Significant increase in requests from Venezuelans (307%) compared to 2015.

Venezuelans in Brazil

Venezuelans in Brazil (Warao)

Venezuelans in Brazil (Warao)

Bureaucracy as border

Long waiting periods

Inadequate reception systems

Precarization of migrant labor

Bureaucracy as border

2021

2022

Hot topics

As of 2021

Venezuelans Interiorization

260,000 Venezuelans

refugees/migrants

Interiorization

Interiorization

+50,000 Venezuelans

675 Brazilian cities

Interiorization

"Venezuelan asylum-seekers and refugees in Manaus and elsewhere accuse employers of taking advantage of desperate migrants and exploiting their labour, often withholding pay.

Covid-19

Migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees are disproportionately exposed to the health and economic impacts of the pandemic

no data on contagion

data is not collected by SUS

Covid-19

20+ 'Sanitary' border closures

Sharp increase in so-called 'undocumented/irregular migration'

those entered during sanitary closures

no docs

long-term impacts

access to rights

no right to apply

Regularization Now!

Regularization now

Any migratory documents that expired after March 16, 2020 will be valid until September 16, 2021 within Brazilian borders

But what about those already undocumented?

No docs

No public services

Unemployment

Govs' Emergency Aid

IGO/NGOHumanitarian aid

Hinder construction of support

networks

Impact over 'vulnerable populations'

women

- domestic violence

childrens out of classes

fathers can'' work

Best study on the topic

Queen Mary Global Policy Institute

qmul.ac.uk/gpi

Women & Children

Women

&Children

Impact over 'vulnerable populations'

women

- domestic violence

childrens out of classes

parents can't work

LGBTQI+

'Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex and others' Community

LGBTQI+

LGBTQI+ asylum-seekers in Brazil (...) often become targets for some of the most vicious violence and discrimination

Police abuse/indifference

Casamiga

CasaMiga

cuts to STI prevention programmes

dismissal of all federal pro-LGBTQI+ policy councils

As it stands, Casa Miga receives no funding from municipal, state or federal governments

Final Remarks

Migration and Human Rights

vs

Migration, Security ('socialist threat', culture ('proper family values')

Thank you!

Bruno Magalhães

Digital Humanities Lab

www.dhlab.io

brunomagalhaes@dhlab.io

International Relations Institute (IRI)

PUC-Rio

brunoepbm@gmail.com

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