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The formation of the Brazilian people
Bruno Magalhaes
PUC-Rio
2 kinds
Forced
1500-1799
Voluntary
1800-1985+
Indigenous Migration
First Siberian Wave -
Crossed the Berian Strait +13 th yr ago
Impact of post-'discovery' migration
1500: + 5 milliion
1900: - 600 thousand
The systematic settlement of European invaders
Land of the Holly Cross
1500-1530 - Quick expeditions (Pau Brazil)
16th century - Less than a 1000 portuguese settlers (cf: Portugal: 1,2 million)
Criminals
Homosexuals
Protestants
Converts (Jewish)
Freemasons
Witches
The Portuguese Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536
1530 - French threat
1550 - 2.000 Portuguese (+ 4.000 slaves)
1580 - 20.000
1600 - 30.000
1610 - 50.000
Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648)
Low Countries - Spanish Empire
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
The Iberian Union (1580 and 1640)
Portuguese crisis of succession
Habsburg king Philip II unites the crowns
1630 - 1661 (Peace Treaty)
Dutch United East India Company
67 Vessels, 1170 cannon, 7.000 men
Governor: Johan Maurits
Capital: Mauritsstad (Recife)
Frederikstadt (João Pessoa),
Nieuw Amsterdam (Natal)
Saint Louis (São Luís)
Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza)
France Antarctique (1555-1560 - Mem de Sá)
Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon
Fort Coligny (Serigipe Island, today Villegaignon Island, Guanabara Bay
600 soldiers
France Équinoxiale (1612-1615 - A. Moura)
Daniel de la Touche
Saint-Louis (São Luís, Maranhão)
500 soldiers
Plantation/Mining Economy
Main exports | Labour intensive
Brazil Wood (1500-1600)
Labour: Native Indian Slaves
Sugar plantations | 1600-1650
Gold & Diamonds Mining | 1650-1800 (Gold rush)
Coffee plantations |1800-(...)
Labour: African Slaves
Guinea, Angola, Mozanbique, Nigeria
IBGE: 1500-1900: 4 million black slaves
Minas Gerais
Average survival - 7 years
1650 - 1800 - 1.600 million black slaves
c.f: 600.000 portuguese
Biggest african population outside Africa
A vicious cycle
Mining decline didn't impact slavery
Cattle ranching and foodstuff production enticed expansion of slave trade
Slavery feeding slavery
1800-1985+
Four underlying themes:
Migration, Territory & Culture
Migration, Agriculture & Labor
Migration & Racism
Migration & Security
(the communist threat)
Migration, territory and race
New independent Brazilian Empire
1822-1924 - 3.5 million European migrants
Alone in Spanish America
Southern borders were hard to protect
Call for settlers
Couldn't be Portuguese!
Haitian Revolution against the French empire (1791-1804) brought fear of a black insurgency
Racial mixture was seen as source of cultural underdevelopment
Direct invitation to white Europeans
Germans
Swiss
Austrian
Italians
Migration, agriculture & labor
Slavery was becoming inefficient/expensive
UK Slave Trade Act - 1807
UK Slavery Aboliyion Act - 1833
Eusébio de Queiroz Act - 1850
Free birth Law - 1871
Aurea Law - 1888
Criminalizing maritime slave trade & abolishing slavery
High mortality rates
Male-Female slave populations were unbalanced
Slow labor replacement
1878 - "Congresso Agrícola" - Lobby
(1870-1920)
1.400 million Italians
550 thousand Portuguese
220 thousand Spanish
90 thousand Germans
14 thousand Japanese
1902 - Fast flow - Italian government forbids contracted migration to SP
(problem for coffee plantations).
Hence, the [non-white] Japanese.
'Cultured European' x 'Ignorant Brazilian'
'Skillful white' x 'Lazy black'
(Veiled racism)
Official discourse presented contracted migration as 'culturally beneficial' to Brazil.
Most european migrants were poor village farmers, with little education or professional training;
1920 Literacy Census
81% Brazilians could read x 62% Migrants
Coup d'état overtrowing Emperor D. Peter II
Migration and racism
>>
Migration and security (communist threat)
Migration and Racism
1890 - Decree 528 - Migration from Africa and Asia would require previous authorization by the National Assembly. European migration is free.
1911 - I Universal Race Congress, London
"The sons of métis already shown in the third generation, all the physical characteristics of the white race. [Some] retain a few traces of their black ancestry by the influence of atavism [...], [but] the influence of sexual selection ... tends to neutralize that of atavism, and remove all traits from the Métis descendants of the black race ...It is logical to expect that in the course of another century the métis will have disappeared from Brazil. This will coincide with the parallel extinction of the black race in our midst".
João Batista Lacerda, National Museum
Crash of 29
1930-1937 - President Washington Luís (widely unpopular) is to be succeeded by Julio Prestes (his allie). Washington Luís is deposed & swearing-in of President-elect Julio Prestes is blocked. National Congress was dissolved and the provisional military junta ceded power to Getúlio Vargas.
Estado novo (1937–1945) - Vargas holds dictatorial powers
WWII - Neutrality until 1941 - pro-axis proclivity
1945 - Coup inside the Coup - Elections - President Dutra
1950 - General elections
1951 - Vargas is elected president
Emphasis on the 'migration-racism' nexus
"The Aryan civilization is represented in Brazil by a weak minority of the white race who was charged with defending it ... (of) the antisocial acts of the lower races ... ".
Nina Rodrigues, 1931 (founder of Brazil Forensic Medicine Association)
1933 - Assembleia Nacional Constituinte
Miguel Couto - fight against the 'niponic lower race'
2% of total last 50 years (no problem for Italians, but strict numbers to Asians).
Migration between race and security
- Concentration camps
- 2/3 National Labor Law
- Prohibition of foreign culture festivals
- Prohibition of foreign teachers
- Prohibition of language classes before 14yo
- Prohibition of political involvement of foreigners
Overthrow of President João Goulart by part of the Brazilian Armed Forces,
Emphasis on the Migration-Security nexus
No need for foreign labor
Borders are stable
Migration is risky (may allow communists in)
“reduce the flow strictly to those migrants that are useful to the national development needs”
- National Immigration Council (control over migrant population)
- 30 days to inform change of address
- Monthly reports on migrant businesses and property acquisitions
- Discretion to expel unsuitable migrants (even if married/parent to Brazilian ), with no right to appeal
- Strict prohibition of any kind of political participation (unions, political party, parades or protests)
- Obligation to carry identification papers
Theory
Geneva Convention on Refugees (1951/1961)
UN Protocol on the Status of Refugees (1968/1972)
Practice
No UNHCR office (until 1982)
20.000 asylum seekers received tourist visas
Democracy, new constitution, Refugee Act (1997)
[New migration law had to wait until 2017!!!]
Migration policy in Brazil has changed rapidly since 2010
1985-2010
Inadequate law, but few migrants
(less than 0,9% of population)
Turning point
Haitian migration to Brazil
Brazil led MINUSTAH
130 thousand haitians in 2010 alone
Not recognized as refugees
'Humanitarian visa'
From 2010 to 2015, the number of refugee applicants in Brazil increased from 996 to 28,670 - an increase of 2,868%
9,552 refugees (cf. 3442 / 2010)
82 nationalities
Main countries of origin:
Syria (326)
Democratic Republic of Congo (189)
Pakistan (98)
Palestine (57)
Angola (26)
Hot topics
bring efficiency to migration process:
- Digital communication with applicants;
- New Visa modalities
- Strategic work visa
- Family Visa (all legal dependents below 16 yo)
- Migrants can apply for change in visa status while in Brazil
- Renewal of temporary work visa
- Tourist visa to Study visa
Significant increase in requests from Venezuelans (307%) compared to 2015.
Long waiting periods
Inadequate reception systems
Precarization of migrant labor
Hot topics
260,000 Venezuelans
refugees/migrants
"Venezuelan asylum-seekers and refugees in Manaus and elsewhere accuse employers of taking advantage of desperate migrants and exploiting their labour, often withholding pay.
Migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees are disproportionately exposed to the health and economic impacts of the pandemic
no data on contagion
data is not collected by SUS
20+ 'Sanitary' border closures
Sharp increase in so-called 'undocumented/irregular migration'
those entered during sanitary closures
no docs
long-term impacts
access to rights
no right to apply
Any migratory documents that expired after March 16, 2020 will be valid until September 16, 2021 within Brazilian borders
No docs
No public services
Unemployment
Govs' Emergency Aid
IGO/NGOHumanitarian aid
Hinder construction of support
networks
Impact over 'vulnerable populations'
women
- domestic violence
childrens out of classes
fathers can'' work
Queen Mary Global Policy Institute
qmul.ac.uk/gpi
Impact over 'vulnerable populations'
women
- domestic violence
childrens out of classes
parents can't work
'Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex and others' Community
LGBTQI+ asylum-seekers in Brazil (...) often become targets for some of the most vicious violence and discrimination
Police abuse/indifference
cuts to STI prevention programmes
dismissal of all federal pro-LGBTQI+ policy councils
As it stands, Casa Miga receives no funding from municipal, state or federal governments
Migration and Human Rights
vs
Migration, Security ('socialist threat', culture ('proper family values')
Bruno Magalhães
Digital Humanities Lab
www.dhlab.io
brunomagalhaes@dhlab.io
International Relations Institute (IRI)
PUC-Rio
brunoepbm@gmail.com