Nonstate Organizations and Insitutions

Organizations

A formally constituted entity, composed of individuals performing a set of functions for the achievement of a certain mandate, obligation or task.

In simpler terms, it is a group of people for the achievement of shared goals and purpose.

Institutions

- A structured domain of norms, rules and practices that gives us a sense of order to a specific set of relationship

- These are the structures or tools put in place to govern the behavior of individuals in society

The Different Institutions in Society

1. Environmental World views

2. Knowledge Systems

3. Tenurial and Property systems

4. Conflict Management systems

5. Association Systems

Environmental World views – system of beliefs and perceptions of people vis-à-vis forest resource (how they see it in relation to their lives)

A collective belief and values that gives a person a sense of:

1. What one’s own role in the world should be

2. What is right or wrong environmental behavior (Environmental ethics)

3. How the world works

Knowledge Systems – system of knowledge and body of information. It governs how people engage their resources and services, as well as the source of symbols for their rituals.

Tenurial and Property systems

- Manner by which the community defines the rules of who has access to and control of resources

Conflict Management systems

Manner by which the community solves conflict

Association Systems

Defines the manner on how individuals establish relationships in pursuance of a common interest

Classifications of Organizations

Organizations can be classified into two: State and nonstate organizations

State organizations are organizations organized and run by the government

1. Executive Branch (Office of the President and Departments under the president)

2. Legislative Branch

3. Judicial Branch

4. Armed Forces and the Police

5. Constitutional Commissions

6. Local Government

BANK

a financial institution that lends money to the public, private and the government for different purposes.

The government borrows money from banks to finance their activities and projects, whereas private companies and individuals borrow money to fund their investments or development.

Types of Banks

Savings Banks - These banks are suited for employees with a monthly salary. Low waged people may open an account in the savings bank

Commercial banks - These banks collect money from people from various sectors and give the same as a loan to business men and make profits in interests these business men pay.

Land Development Banks - These banks promote growth in the food sector by giving loans to farmers

Universal Banks - These banks have a wide

Corporation

- Refers to a broad category of non state organizations representing a company or group of people that engages in a lawful activity in relation to a public function.

- It can operate for profit or non profit

Stock Corporations and Non stock Corporations

- A non-stock corporation is a corporation that does not have owners represented by shares of stock.

- A stock corportation is a corporation wherein ownership is through stock holders who own particular shares.

- Nonprofit Corporations are almost always non stock while profit corporations are usually stock companies

Cooperative or Coop

refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or cerdit unions by nature

It is owned by its members and democratically operated

Cooperative or Coop

- refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or cerdit unions by nature

It is owned by its members and democratically operated

- They could be formed to provide a broad range of functions, such as to provide a credit facility to each member an example of this is a credit union

- A credit union is a financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members rather than shareholders. The members of the credit union pool their deposits and provide loans and other financial services to each other.

Consumer Cooperative

- A consumer cooperative serves as a medium for the selling and purchase of goods and services from where members get a share of the profits from their own collective purchases in the form of patronage refunds

The Wine Society (Australian Wine Consumers’ Co-operative Society Limited) The Wine Society Established in 1946, now has over 58,000 members. Also sources and sells premium wines under the Society label, runs comprehensive wine education courses and recognises excellence from young winemakers.

Several types of Coopertives

Housing cooperative - is a cooperative wherein residents either own shares reflecting their equity in the cooperative's real estate, or have membership and occupancy rights in an non profit cooperative

Worker Cooperative - owned by and democratically controlled by its "worker-owners"

Consumer's Cooperative - This is a business owned by its customers. Employees can also generally become members

Agricultural cooperative - widespread in rural areas

Trade or Labor Union

refers to an organization of workers whose main objective is to protect the welfare of its members. It does this by negotiating collectively with employers for better compensation package and benefits, improved safety standards and better working conditions.

Civil Society Organizations include the following :

1. Academic and Science-Based Institutions

2. Mass Media

3. Religous Organizations

4. Nongovernmental Organizations

5. People's Organizations

Academic Based Institutions

These include universities, schools, and colleges; private pooling firms which use statistical methods in conducting opinion pools to guide advocacy and decision making.

Mass Media

The mass media in all its forms (print, radio, television) provide effective conduits for envionmental polict information, as well as envronmental policy advocacy

Religious Organizations

Organized religion seen in church congregations and their counterparts in islam and and other religions provide effective venues for commentary and issue advocacy.

Nongovernmental Organizations

NGO'S are third-party organizations that facilitate action. Most of them are involved in advocacy, but some are also involved in environmetal policy information and analysis.

People's Organizations

PO's are grassroots-based organizations composed of people who are really in the community and are directly involved

Transnational or International Civil Society Organizations

These are organizations that internationally-based and operate globally or regionally. They broadly perform development-related work, gender and human right.

Different types of transnational or international civil society organizations

Civil Society Organizations: also known as non governmental organizations, nonprofits or not-for-profits. These include charities, religous and private foundations.

- Both are international and national civil society groups

Examples: Oxfam and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Private Sector - This is a term that describes any privately owned group or person involved in profitable activies. They are independent of governments, but they may recieve (in some cases substantial) funding from governments.

Examples: Commercial Companies that operate in several countries

Reserach Institutions - Defined as any group involved in investigative study for scientific or educational purposes. They may be privately owned or funded by the state.

Examples: IRRI, SEARCA, Think tanks

Bilateral Organization - These are govenment bodies that focus on development in foreign countries, often with an underlying goal of furthering their domestic policies or gaining political credit.

Examples: United states of agency for International Developmet (USAID) and Department for International Development (DFID)

Multilateral Organizations - Super-national bodies that have been created with representatives from the governments of member states. These may include closed groups or theoretically open organizations

Examples: United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Bank

Development Issues

• Many of them have become international in scope that involves the participation of many countries

• The Philippines are undergoing with many issues that have diverse causes and diverse consequences.

• These threaten the security of society and the people

Examples:

1. Poverty – threat to security of our economy

2. Conflict among groups – threat to our nation’s political security

3. Agricultural Problems – threat to our food security

4. Continuing pressures on the environment – threat to environmental security

Relation of the Issues to the State

• Main function of the State: Oversee the welfare of its citizens

• The State is confronted by these issues since they all threaten and affect the welfare of the people

• Situation becomes complicated because these problems emerge in the context of globalization: Global systems of market forces and demands of global partners limits the options of an independent and sovereign state like the Philippines

Example of this would be the policies of WTO of removing tariffs and quotas, which would be disadvantageous to the Philippines and other Third world countries

Modern Governance: Cooperation of the State and the Civil Society

• Traditionally, the State was the only institution with the responsibility to administer the country’s resources for the people and common good

• Recently Civil Society Institutions and NGOs have participated in development interventions

• This has led to the institutionalization of the essence of governance where the state and civil society are now involved

International Relations: State and Civil Society Interactions in a Global Level

State Institutions and Civil Society also operate at the global level

Track 1 Interactions/Discussions

Formal Diplomatic relationship between two or more countries aimed to address a common development issue

Track 2 Mechanisms

Occur when the scientific community is involved in issues where formal state processes require the role of scientists on issues that are technical in nature

Linking of science and policy, where scientists and researchers are increasingly having important roles in development

Paves way of nonstate institutions even in the policy process

Track 3 processes

Civil groups are involved in the creation of global convention, specifically on the environment

Policy-Making Process: Three Key Actors

Ideally, societies responds to public problems through formulation and implementation of public policies

Traditionally, the domain of policy process is seen only to the politicians, but that is not entirely correct!!

It involves the participation of three key actors:

1.) Policy Makers

2.) Policy Advocate

3.) Policy analysts

Policy Makers

– person assumed to be serving the public interest as they make decisions as to what policy should be adopted depending on a particular problem

Policy Advocate

– a group representing a sector of civil society that mobilize to support in favor or against the policy, and influence the nature and content of public policies through political advocacy and mobilization

Policy Analysts

– an individual who has technical background on a particular issue with the role of making an objective assessment of the nature and causes of a problem, and analyzing the impacts of a policy proposal or an existing public policy.

Linkage of Science and Policy

• In the three key actors of policy making, the domain of scientists is on policy analysts

• There is an increasing number of scientists and academics in providing critical inputs in formulation of global institutional arrangements, otherwise known as global environmental regimes

 Epistemic Communities

Communities of science-based policy analysts who are familiar with natural sciences as well as governance processes.

Transnational associations of knowledge experts in technical fields

Organized as networks of people whose existence is established and maintained through repeated interactions such as international meetings, joint research projects, etc.

Participation

an important aspect of governance, and a foundation of a core principle that is focused on the participation and the rights and needs of marginalized sectors

Funders or Donors

These include both multilateral as well as bilateral organizations. They can operate by giving loans or grants to other countries which these countries can use for their development

Multilateral Financial Organizations

- Not controlled by one country.

- They are international organizations that do not represent any government in their economic and technical engagements with any nation.

- Similar services and financial programs with different contractual arrangements.

Prominent Multilateral Organizations

World Bank ( WB) -

Asian Development Bank -

The headquarters of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), incidentally, is in manila

International Monetary Bank -

Bilateral Organizations

- Effective conduits by which foreign countries can influence the development priorities of other countries

- National agencies of different economically matured nations in North America, Asia and Europe. They are primarily mandated by their respective governments to provide economic assistance to economically challenged nations in the world

Bilateral Organizations

- There have also been growing debates as to the faithfulness of the use of aid money being poured to the coffers of different countries around the world.

- Development agencies started to prioritize in terms of the mahjor issues being confronted by the world and no just by the recipient countries

Examples of Bilateral Organizations

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

- USAID is an independent federal government agency that conducts foreign assistance and humanitarian aid to advance the political and economic interests of the United States.

- Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)

AusAID is an administratively autonomous agency within the Foreign Affairs and Trade Portfolio