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"Physical Disabilities" and "Orthopedic Impairments" are often used interchangeably.
The IDEA Act uses "orthopedic impairments" to describe:
Practitioners in the field will call these "physical disabilities"
Physical disabilities and paralysis are classified by the parts of the body that are involved.
Neurological conditions affect the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)
Cases are classified as:
Cerebral palsy is the most common physical disability in school-aged children (diagnosed by age 6), often caused by injury to the brain before or during birth.
It is characterized by:
The muscles and nerves that connect them to the spinal cord are intact but the signal to the brain is impaired due to the injury.
Depending on where the injury is in the brain, the result is one, or more, of three different movement patterns: spasticity, athetosis, and ataxia
Spasticity is the most common motor dysfunction and is characterized by contraction or tightness of one or more muscle group movements
Athetosis: abrupt, twisting, involuntary movements and often affects speech
Ataxia: poor balance and limited hand use
Seizures can happen to anyone, but repeated seizures are often referred to as "epilepsy"
Seizures are caused by abnormal discharges of electrical energy in the brain.
Many children with cerebral palsy have epilepsy.
Grand mal seizures are the most common type of seizure, affecting 60% of people with epilepsy.
These seizures often involve the whole body, can last a few minutes, and result in unconsciousness.
The progression goes:
Petit mal seizures often go unnoticed. Unlike grand mal, these seizures are characterized eye blinking or inattentive staring.
Children who have petit mal seizures will often develop grand mal seizures as they get older.
Medication and surgery have proven to be effective treatments
If a child has a seizure during a session, ease the child to the floor, place the child on their side to keep the airway open and clear, and wait for movements to subside.
Then allow the child to rest until they are ready to resume.
Spina Bifida is an abnormal opening in the spinal column. It occurs when the bones of the spinal column don't close completely during prenatal development, causing the spinal cord to protrude through the opening.
If at the base of the spine, damage and paralysis may be minimal, but greater loss of function occurs when higher on the spine.
Spinal cord injuries are caused by trauma and often result in the loss of mobility or feeling.
The specific effects depend on the type and level of the injury.
Musculoskeletal conditions are the result of disease or defects that affect the muscles and bones, often involving the arms, legs, joints or spine.
The most common conditions are muscular dystrophy, amputations/congenital malformations, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Muscular Dystrophy is a group of nine hereditary muscular disorders that vary in:
These are neuromuscular conditions in which the voluntary muscles of the body become progressively.
Muscle weakness progresses to the muscles supporting the heart and lungs that results in respiratory disease, which is often the cause of death.
These malformations are characterized by:
Most malformations have no known causes, but some are caused by illness, medications or drugs taken by the mother during pregnancy.
Many students are able to attend regular classes and learn how to adapt to classrooms and activities
Also known as "brittle bone" disorder. OI is a genetic disorder that causes the bones to break easily for little or no apparent reason.
There are four types of OI, the most common and least severe being Type I characterized by:
Types II-IV
A music therapy goal for working with this population is encouraging physical exercise to promote muscle and bone strength, preventing fractures.
This is the most common type of arthritis in children and the effects can vary in severity. JRA can result in:
Some other symptoms may include joint stiffness and weakness in muscles and other soft tissues.
There are three types of JRA and severity is based on the number of limbs affected.
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Goal 4
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Tobii Dynavox:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g95TO20hnmo
Sip and Puff:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bhj5vs9P5cw
1:23-2:38
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Goal 2
Goal 3
Goal 4
Goal 1
Goal 2
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Goal 4
Effective Strategies
What adjustments could be made to your area and/or your client's space to prepare for a video session (synchronous and asynchronous)?
The therapeutic application of music to cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunction due to neurologic disruptions in the human nervous system
*Consultation with a physical therapist or others familiar with childhood neurological development is strongly urged
Technique used to facilitate rhythmic movement
Technique using the elements of music to provide patterns that can structure and cue functional movements
The use of instrument playing to facilitate engagement in physical exercise and simulate functional movement patterns in motor therapy