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The History of Anatomy

Sydney Brininger

Edwin Smith Papyrus

1600

BC

  • Marks the beginning of the study of anatomy
  • The treatise (image) shows that the heart, blood vessels, liver, spleen, kidneys, hypothalamus, uterus and bladder were unrecognizable to ancient Egyptians.
  • They believed the vessels carried all of the fluids in the body, but did not have a theory of where saliva and sweat came from.
  • Systematic descriptions of the human body.

Egypt

1600 BC

https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/dd/ce/41a71288c36c16df73893b865fc1.jpg

Aristotle: 384-322 BC

800-322 BC

  • Based on animal dissections and evolutionary biology, he founded comparative anatomy.
  • Credited as the first to identify the difference between arteries and veins and the relations between organs described more accurately.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg

Hippocrates

460-377 BC

  • Nicknamed the "Father of Medicine"
  • His texts show an understanding of musculoskeletal structure, and the beginnings of the understanding of organ functions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocrates.jpg

Homer

800 BC

  • The Iliad - referred to the anatomy of wounds.
  • Described speculation of human dissections

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=1GJ4PaDz&id=90D267542487E11D6E92BA716FB73F678E3A3FE1&thid=OIP.1GJ4PaDz-rBxqTDSeOTD7AAAAA&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fmedia1.shmoop.com%2fmedia%2fimages%2flarge%2fhomer.jpg&exph=599&expw=398&q=homer&simid=608033942087273625&ck=6CBA1EF09409F4F1C5F11016CB6C9348&selectedIndex=6&FORM=IRPRST&ajaxhist=0

Alexandria

300-2 BC

  • Accepted dissection of human cadavers
  • Early dissections on criminals
  • Under the Ptolemaic dynasty

325 BC

Herophilus

  • Known as the "Butcher of Men"
  • 600 recorded vivisections (live dissections)
  • Believed brain was the center of intelligence

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Herophilos_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png

300 BC

Erasistratus

  • Known as the "Father of Physiology"
  • Worked alongside Herophilus
  • Credited as one of the first to describe in-depth descriptions of the cerebrum and cerebellum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus#/media/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Ingres-Bourdelle_-_Etude_pour_LA_MALADIE_D'ANTIOCHUS,_OU_ANTIOCHUS_ET_STRATONICE_;_buste_d'Erasistrate,_vers_1860_-_Ingres_-_MI.16.1.3.jpg

Claudius Galenus "Galen"

2nd Century

  • Greek physician
  • Stressed the importance of clinical observations
  • Influenced by the theory of the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlem.
  • Dissected pigs and apes
  • Focused on the spinal cord and the regulation of blood flow

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen#/media/File:Galenus.jpg

Middle Ages

Middle Ages

  • Church overpowered science and medicine.
  • Human dissections were prohibited after the pope passed a papal bull.
  • Little scientific advances and dicoveries in this era.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Giotto_-_Bonifatius_VIII.jpg

Renaissance Era

1400-1500 AD

  • Known as the "re-birth of science"
  • Dissection was once again allowed and became an advancement of knowledge.
  • Medical research facilities were founded.

1452-1519

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci#/media/File:Francesco_Melzi_-_Portrait_of_Leonardo.png

Leonardo da Vinci

  • Anatomical artwork sketches of skeletal stuctures, muscles and organs of humans and other vertebres.

https://julieayreuq.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/img_00923.jpg

1514-1564

Versalius

  • Known as the "Father of Anatomy"
  • Corrected many errors of Galen
  • Perfomed dissections that granted him a position as a professor at the Univeristy of Pauda

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesalius_Portrait_pg_xii_-_c.png

Anatomy Acceptance

17th & 18th Century

  • The study of anatomy flourished in these centuries.
  • Willam Harvey observed circulating blood through his father's and sister's bodies.
  • Marcello Malpighi founded microscopic anatomy
  • The foundation of "pathological anatomy" paved the way for clinical pathology that led to may more advancements and discoveries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anatomy#/media/File:The_medicine_of_Akbar_03.jpg

19th Century

19th century

  • Formation of cell therory by many scientists including Robert Hooke.
  • Anatomical research expanded to histology and developmental biology in humans and animals.
  • Women who could not attend medical school could attend anatomy theatres.
  • Medical museums used for teahcing.

https://www.biography.com/.image/t_share/MTE4MDAzNDEwNTU5MTQxMzkw/robert-hooke-9343172-1-402.jpg

Modern Anatomy

  • Growing understanding of molecular biology
  • Endocrinology has explained the purpose of glands
  • New technologies such as MRI machines and CAT scanners have enabled researchers and medical professionals to study the human body more in depth.

https://saifinsight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Education-human-body-shutterstock_54772285.jpg

References

References

  • History of Anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anatomy
  • History of Anatomy - Body Worlds https://bodyworlds.com/about/history-of-anatomy/
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