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Shivam Verma
M.A. Environmental Economics
The present annual quantity of solid waste generated in Indian cities has increased from 6 million tons in
1947 to 48 million tons in 1997 and to 90 million tons in 2009 and it is still expected to increase to 300
million tons by 2047 (Neha Gupta 2015)
Solid Waste, commonly referred to as trash or garbage is the waste consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public
Reasons for the monumental increase in MSW.
1. Urbanization
2. population growth
3. Mismanagement of MSW being produced
4. Consumerism
Why is it a problem at all?
Solid waste disposal can have negative environmental outcomes.
a. Poor disposal strategies can affect natural life cycles and exacerbate global change
b. Raises issues in the sustainability of our way of life
Consumer Waste
Electronic Waste
Industrial Waste
As of 2020 there were, 5.15 billion mobile phone users and 4.57 billion internet users
globally. The staggering increase from 2019 to 2020 has been 2.4% and 8% for mobile phone users
and internet users respectively. (Kemp 2020)
The situation has been exacerbated due to the emergence of e-commerce markets which
has made electronic waste the fasted growing solid waste component in the world.
Division of solid waste is commonly done in the categories of domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, institutional and miscellaneous solid wastes. However, because of their similarity, and the
inefficiency of municipal waste collection, domestic and commercial wastes are usually not separated and
thus are just considered as urban waste. (Syed 2006)
This urban waste is further divided into Degradable, Partially degradable and non biodegradable
DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT
The solid waste collection in India is exceptionally sloppy
neither appropriately planned nor maintained with international
standards
The typical collection productivity for MSW in Indian urban areas and
states is around 70%. (T.Z. Siddiqui 2006)
no isolation of waste is performed
India at the moment, seems to lack the resources and technical expertise required to deal with the problem
of proper disposal of Solid Waste. (R. Ghosh 2014)
The primary method still being adopted in Indian
states is that of Landfilling. (Neha Gupta 2015)
The more innovative methods being adopted in India are composting and Waste to energy plants and technologies.
Composting is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in warm, moist
conditions
Composting of Solid waste is one of the most affordable and simplistic methods of dealing with
biodegradable urban waste. (D Zhu 2007)
During aerobic composting aerobic microorganisms oxidize organic compounds to Carbon
dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate compounds
Examples: Slaughterhouse waste
dairy waste
Household kitchen waste
source: BHG.com
Solid waste composting has been encouraged by the WHO and and by many countries of the
world and is actively useful in the case of developing countries. (S.P. Gautam 2010)
Vermicompost is an odorless, dark brown bio-fertilizer obtained from the process of
vermicomposting (Manyuchi 2013)
https://www.planetnatural.com/
Landfills produce landfill gases and leachate which can harm environmental systems. (M. Alekhya 2013)
Landfill gases (LFGs), produced when decomposing complex molecules, are
primarily methane and carbon dioxide (up to 90%), but also include CO, NO2, alcohols,
hydrocarbons, organosulfur compounds, and heavy metals (El-Fadel 1997)
Landfill site in Delhi, Ghazipur
source: Indian Express
A bio methanation plant in Delhi
Source: NDMC smart city ltd.
It could be utilized
for the transformation of waste to other type of energy. (WTE approach to be discussed later.)
1. Advanced Incinerators 2. Open Incineration
The open consuming/incineration strategy
contaminates the climate by delivering the hazardous gasses like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen sulfides (Sivaramanan 2013).
These harmful gases put the vulnerable people in society at risk.
research has shown that customers prefer sustainable businesses over polluting ones. (Phelan 2017)
source : https://www.apple.com/in/recycling/
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign
initiated by the Government of India in 2014.
It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets
The core objectives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecation and improve
management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas.
Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat Mission lasted till October 2019
Phase 2 is being implemented between 2020–21 and 2024–25 to help cement the work of Phase 1
Source: https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/
The Ugly Indian is an anonymous group of motivated volunteers who clean up the streets of Indian,
which they refer to as “spot-fixing.”
Chintan is an environmental research and action group that works for environmental justice in
partnership with people and groups from diverse sections of society
Daily Dump designs products that encourage people to live greener lifestyles
Daily Dump designs products that encourage people to live greener lifestyles
The ugly indian NGO "Spot fixing" a site in Delhi
Source: https://indiainclusionsummit.com/
best strategy state governments and municipal corporations have managed to come up with till now are landfilling, which is not sustainable.
Waste to energy is one such process that has long been neglected, but holds strong potential to derive energy from the unused resource, i.e., waste
Sweden is one such country that has proved success of the strategy in its various WTE plants. (Kiger, 2019)
The example of Scandinavian countries and their incredible success in the waste to energy projects can be assessed by the fact that while most of the world is trying to ship off their solid waste offshore,
Sweden is actively trying to buy foreign solid waste to convert it into energy for household purposes.
(NY TIMES 2018)
India has always been lagging in this field owing to reasons namely the lack of policy framework, technological advancements, infrastructure, sustainable planning and insufficient funding sources (Shazwin Mat Taib 2010)
The main large scale waste incinerating plant was set up at Timarpur, New Delhi in 1987, by a Miljo tecknik volunteer, Denmark. It has a limit of 300 tons per day and cost 250 million rupees.
Tamil Nadu Agro Engineering Federation, for government endorsement for dealing with the MSW a 15 MW waste to energy project has been laid out by an Australian organization, specifically, Energy Development Ltd., funded by State bank of India (SBI) and Canara Bank ( R.P. Singh. 2011, T. Ramachandra 2003)
India has an aggregate of 5 RDF handling plants, all of which have experienced functional issues because of absence of legitimate monetary funding and not because of lack of innovation. 2 RDF plants have previously been closed down (Annepu 2012)
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